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What Is A Matrix?: - A Matrix Is A Set of Elements, Organized Into Rows and Columns

A matrix is a set of elements organized into rows and columns. Basic matrix operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transposition. Matrix addition and subtraction require matrices to have the same dimensions. Matrix multiplication involves multiplying corresponding elements and adding the products. An identity matrix results in the original matrix when multiplied. The determinant of a square matrix is a value used to determine properties like invertibility. Cramer's rule provides a method to solve systems of linear equations using determinants.

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111 views

What Is A Matrix?: - A Matrix Is A Set of Elements, Organized Into Rows and Columns

A matrix is a set of elements organized into rows and columns. Basic matrix operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and transposition. Matrix addition and subtraction require matrices to have the same dimensions. Matrix multiplication involves multiplying corresponding elements and adding the products. An identity matrix results in the original matrix when multiplied. The determinant of a square matrix is a value used to determine properties like invertibility. Cramer's rule provides a method to solve systems of linear equations using determinants.

Uploaded by

ashima_3
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is a Matrix?

A matrix is a set of elements, organized into


rows and columns
(

11 10
01 00
a a
a a
n columns
m rows
mn matrix is a matrix of m rows and n columns with
an order (mxn).
Basic Operations
Addition and Subtraction
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

+
(

h d g c
f b e a
h g
f e
d c
b a
(



=
(

h d g c
f b e a
h g
f e
d c
b a
Just add elements
Just subtract elements
A
Matrix arithmetic (operations)
Matrix addition. A
mn
and B
mn

must have the same numbers of rows and
columns
add corresponding entries

A
mn
+ B
mn
= C
mn
= [a
i,j
+ b
i,j
]
(
(
(

=
3 1
2 0
1 1
2 , 3
A
(
(
(

=
3 2
6 1
5 4
2 , 3
B
(
(
(

= +
0 3
8 1
6 5
2 , 3 2 , 3
B A
Matrix subtraction is done similarly
Matrix Addition/Subtraction
Basic Operations
Multiplication
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

dh cf dg ce
bh af bg ae
h g
f e
d c
b a
Multiply each row
by each column
An mn can be multiplied by an np
matrix to yield an mp result
Matrix arithmetic (operations)
Example
14 3 4 1 0 2 1
1 , 3 3 , 1 1 , 2 2 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1
= + + = + + = b a b a b a c
(
(
(

=
2 2 0
0 1 3
1 1 2
4 0 1
3 , 4
A
(
(

=
0 3
1 1
4 2
2 , 3
B
(
(
(

= =
2 8
13 7
9 8
4 14
2 , 4
C AB
4 0 4 1 0 4 1
2 , 3 3 , 1 2 , 2 2 , 1 2 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1
= + + = + + = b a b a b a c
8 3 1 1 1 2 2
1 , 3 3 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 1 , 1 1 , 2 1 , 2
= + + = + + = b a b a b a c
Matrix Multiplication
Basic Operations
Transpose: Swap rows with columns
(
(
(

=
i h g
f e d
c b a
M
(
(
(

=
i f c
h e b
g d a
M
T
(
(
(

=
z
y
x
V | | z y x V
T
=
(

1 0
0 1
Identity matrix: Square matrix with 1s on the diagonal
and zeros everywhere else
2 x 2 identity matrix
(
(
(

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
3 x 3 identity matrix
The identity matrix is to matrix multiplication as
___ is to regular multiplication!!!!
1
Identity Matrix
Multiply:

(

1 0
0 1
(


4 3
2 5
=
(


4 3
2 5
(

1 0
0 1
(


4 3
2 5
=
(


4 3
2 5
So, the identity matrix multiplied by any matrix
lets the any matrix keep its identity!
Mathematically, IA = A and AI = A !!
The 22 matrix,

`
has determinant


Determinant
4 5
2 3

Notice the different symbol:


the straight lines tell you to
find the determinant!!
(3 * 4)
-
(-5 * 2)
12 - (-10)
22
=
4 5
2 3

=
=
Example of 2 X 2 matrix
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c
a b c
a b c
=
+
2 2
1
3 3
b c
a
b c
1 1
2
3 3
b c
a
b c
1 1
3
2 2
b c
a
b c
= ( )
1 2 3 3 2
a b c b c

+
( )
2 1 3 3 1
a bc b c
( )
3 1 2 2 1
a bc b c
= ( )
1 2 3 3 2
a b c b c
+ +
( )
2 1 3 3 1
( 1) a bc b c
( )
3 1 2 2 1
a bc b c
=
1 1
a A
+ +
2 2
a A
3 3
a A
Example of 3X3 matrix
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4


2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4

1 2
8
2 3

+
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4

1 2
8
2 3

+
=
( )
5 8 ( 3)
( )
( 3) 4 2 +
( )
8 3 ( 4)
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4

1 2
8
2 3

+
=
( )
5 8 ( 3)
( )
( 3) 4 2 +
( )
8 3 ( 4)
=
55

( 6)
+
56
2 3
5
1 4
5 1 2
3 2 3
8 1 4

=
1 2
( 3)
1 4

1 2
8
2 3

+
=
( )
5 8 ( 3)
( )
( 3) 4 2 +
( )
8 3 ( 4)
=
55

( 6)
+
56
=
117
Example-
This rule can be used to calculate solutions of

where A is a square matrix.
Let A be an n x n matrix. The system of equations

has a unique solution if and only if .
Cramers Rule
Let A
k
be the matrix obtained by replacing column k of A by
the column matrix B . Then











Example:
Solve the following equations:-

x + 3 y + 3z = 1;
x + 4y +3 z = 0;
x + 3y + 4z = 2;




Ans: x = 1, y = -1, z = 1


Illustration

A company produces three products every day. Their total
Production on a certain day is 45 tons. It is found that the
production of third product exceeds the production of first
product by 8 tons while the total production of first and third
product is twice the production of second product. Determine
the production level of each product using cramers rule.


Ans: 11, 15, 19
Example:


The ABC shipping company charges $2.90 for all
packages weighing less than or equal to 5 lbs, $5.20
for packages weighing more than 5 lbs and less than
10 lbs, and $8.00 for all packages weighing 10 lbs. or
more. The number of packages weighing 5 lbs or less
is 50% more than the number of packages weighing 10
lbs or more. One day shipping charges for 300 orders
was $1,508. Find the number of packages in each
category.
Sol:
x = pkgs less or equal to 5 lbs
y = pkgs between 5 and 10 lbs
z = pkgs 10 lbs or more

x + y + z = 300
2.9x + 5.2y + 8z = 1508
x = 1.5z which changes to x - 1.5z = 0

D (determinant )
=
5 . 1 0 1
8 2 . 5 9 . 2
1 1 1

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