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Topic 4 - Laplace Transform

The document discusses the Laplace transform, which is a method for solving differential equations by transforming them into algebraic equations. It provides background on Laplace, examples of taking the Laplace transform of different functions, and properties and applications of the Laplace transform for solving differential equations.

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Ayesh Hosh
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21 views

Topic 4 - Laplace Transform

The document discusses the Laplace transform, which is a method for solving differential equations by transforming them into algebraic equations. It provides background on Laplace, examples of taking the Laplace transform of different functions, and properties and applications of the Laplace transform for solving differential equations.

Uploaded by

Ayesh Hosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAPLACE TRANSFORM

CHAPTER 4
PIERRE-SIMON LAPLACE (1749 – 1827)

Laplace was a French mathematician, astronomer, and physicist who applied


the Newtonian theory of gravitation to the solar system (an important problem
of his day). He played a leading role in the development of the metric system.

The Laplace Transform is widely used in engineering applications


(mechanical and electronic), especially where the driving force is discontinuous.
It is also used in process control.
WHAT DOES LAPLACE TRANSFORM DO

 The main idea behind the Laplace Transformation is that we can solve an equation (or
system of equations) containing differential and integral terms by transforming the
equation in “x-space" to one in "s-space".

 This makes the problem much easier to solve.

 The kinds of problems where the Laplace Transform is invaluable occur in electronics.
WHAT DOES LAPLACE TRANSFORM DO
The Laplace transform is a powerful tool formulated to solve a wide variety of
initial-value problems. The strategy is to transform the difficult differential
equations into simple algebra problems where solutions can be easily obtained. One
then applies the Inverse Laplace transform to retrieve the solutions of the original
problems. This can be illustrated as follows:
Initial-Value Algebra
Problems Problems
ODE's or PDE's

Very
Difficult Easy

Solutions of Solutions of
Initial-Value Algebra
Problems Problems
INTRODUCTION
provide an algebraic method of obtaining a particular solution of a
differential equation from stated initial condition.

often preferred for the solution of differential equations in engineering


and electronics.

The Laplace transform is commonly used in process modeling and control

In this topic we discuss the meaning of the transform and its operations that
can be applied to solve differential equations.
INTRODUCTION
 The Laplace transform of a function , denoted is defined as the function by
the equation;

 where is a variable whose values are chosen so as to ensure that the semi-
infinite integrals converges.

 The transform produces several changes in the equation:

Variable is t (time) Variable is s (dimensions of inverse time)

t is Real number s is Complex number


Solutions from "Time Domain“ Solutions from "Laplace Domain"

Differential equation Algebraic equation


INTRODUCTION
The last point is the biggest single reason the Laplace transform is valued

 it transforms linear differential equations into algebraic


equations, which many people find easier to solve.
EXAMPLE 1
Find the Laplace transform of the function
EXAMPLE 2
Find the Laplace transform of the function
Find the Laplace transform of the
functions:

PRACTICE 1
EXAMPLE 3
Find the Laplace transform of the function where is constant.
Find the Laplace transform of the
functions:

PRACTICE 2
TABLE OF
LAPLACE
TRANSFORM
TABLE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
To assist in the process of finding Laplace transforms and their inverses a table is
used. They are sufficient for our work in this chapter.

By reading the table from the left to right gives the Laplace transform and reading
the table from right to left gives the inverse Laplace transform.
TABLE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Transform Transform

Inverse Inverse
EXAMPLE 4
Find the Laplace transform of each of the following:
TABLE OF THE INVERSE OF
LAPLACE
LAPLACE TRANSFORM

TRANSFORM
THE INVERSE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
 The Laplace transform is an expression in the variable which is denoted by
It is said that and form a transform pair.

 This means that if is the Laplace transform of then is the inverse Laplace
transform of We write;

 There is no simple integral definition of the inverse transform so we have to


find it by working backwards.
EXAMPLE 5
 If then the Laplace transform.

 If then the inverse Laplace transform


EXAMPLE 6
What is the inverse Laplace transform of
EXAMPLE 7
What is the inverse Laplace transform of
What is the inverse Laplace transform of:

PRACTICE 3
TABLE OF
LAPLACE PROPERTIES OF
LAPLACE
TRANSFORM TRANSFORM
THE PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE
TRANSFORM
 Both the Laplace transform and its inverse are linear transform, by which is mean
that:

 Laplace transform is also used to find the solution of a differential equation


which is the transform of the derivative of a function.
THE PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE
TRANSFORM
 Now consider differentiation. Suppose that are all continuous functions and
is a piecewise continuous function. Then,

 Hence, the Laplace transform of the first and second derivative of a function
First
derivative

Second
derivative
EXAMPLE 8
Given that and , express the transform of in terms of
EXAMPLE 9
If , find
Solve , where

PRACTICE 4
TABLE OF SOLVING
LAPLACE DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS USING
TRANSFORM LAPLACE
TRANSFORMATION
SOLVING LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS USING TRANSFORMATION
 The behavior of a dynamical system is often described by a
differential equation.

 In order to determine the system response on input signals,


one has to solve the corresponding differential equation.

 The classical method to solve such equations is very costly.

 An alternative method is the algebraic method shown in this


demonstration.
SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BY
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
The solutions of differential equations are the particular solution of the equations
subject to the given conditions.

We need to translate a differential equation into an algebraic form, which can in turn
be translated into the solution of the differential equation.

Thus, we can solve a differential equation by using algebra and specific algebraic forms.
EXAMPLE 10
Solve the differential equation , if
Solve the differential equations by using
Laplace transform, where the function is
subject to given conditions.

PRACTICE 5
a.
THE END

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