I D E O L O G Y A N D

C O N S T I T U T I O N O F
PA K I S TA N

INCIDENTS FROM 1920-1947

• Treaty of Sèvres
• Allies-Turkey [1920]

• Treaty of Lausanne
• Allies-Turkey [1923]

• The earlier riot of 1923 was caused when the members

of Hindu Mahasabha took out a procession and passed

in front of a mosque, playing loud music. The Muslim
community objected, starting a skirmish between the two
parties.
• And Communal riots in Multan and Amratsar
because Khilafat Movement ended in political edge ended.
 • The Hindus organized two highly anti Muslim movements

• Shudhi movement was designed to convert Muslims to Hinduism

• Sangathan movement was meant to create solidarity among the Hindus in the
event of communal conflict.
• In retaliation, the Muslims sponsored the Tabligh and Tanzim organizations to
counter the impact of the Shudhi and the Sangathan.
R A S H T R I YA S WAYA M S E V
AK SANGH

• Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS),

organization founded in 1925 by Keshav Baliram
in the Maharashtra region of India,
• as part of the movement against British rule and

• protection of Hindu political, cultural, and

religious interests.
• advocates a Hindu nationalistic agenda under the
banner of hindutva, or “Hindu-ness
 NEHRU REPORT 1928
• Dominion status for India (like Canada, Australia, etc.) within the British Commonwealth.
• Equal rights for men and women as citizens.
• No state religion.
• No separate electorates for any community. There will be no reserved seats for communities in Punjab
and Bengal. However, reservation of Muslim seats could be possible in the provinces where Muslim
population should be at least ten percent.
• There should be 1/4th Muslim Representation at Centre
• A federal form of government with residual powers with the centre. There would be a bicameral
legislature at the centre. The ministry would be responsible to the legislature. Here should be a bi-cameral
legislature consisting of senate and House of Representatives. The senate will comprise of two hundred
members elected for seven years, while the House of Representatives should consist of five hundred
members elected for five years.
• Governor-General to be the constitutional head of India. He would be appointed by the British monarch.
• A proposal for the creation of a Supreme Court.
• The provinces would be created along linguistic lines.
• The language of the country would be Indian, written either in Devanagari (Sanskrit/Hindi), Telugu,
Tamil, Kannada, Bengali, Marathi or Gujarati in character. Usage of English to be permitted.
 JINNAH’S FOURTEEN POINTS 1929
• Federal constitution with residual powers with the provinces.

• Provincial autonomy.

• No constitutional amendment without the agreement of the states.

• All legislatures and elected bodies to have adequate Muslim representation without reducing the Muslim majority in a province to a
minority or equality.

• Adequate Muslim representation of Muslims in the services and in self-governing bodies.

• 1/3rd representation of Muslims in the Central Legislature.

• 1/3rd Muslim members in the central and state cabinets.

• Separate electorates.

• No bill to be passed in any legislature if 3/4th of a minority community considers it against its interests.

• Any reorganisation of territories not to affect the Muslim majority in Bengal, Punjab and the NWFP.

• Separation of Sindh from Bombay Presidency.

• Constitutional reforms in the NWFP and Baluchistan.

• Full religious freedom for all communities.

• Protection of the religious, cultural, educational and language rights of Muslims.

 ALLAHABAD ADDRESS OF ALLAMA
IQBAL 1930:
• Concept of Separate States:
"I would like to see the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated
into a single state. Self government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the
formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the
Muslims, at least of North-West India."
• Separate recognition of Muslims
"India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human beings belonging to different languages and
practicing different religions. Muslim nation has its own religious and cultural identity."
• Condemnation Of Western Democracy
Iqbal was strongly against the western concept of Democracy. Despite flourishing all over the world, this
system cannot provide solution of the problem of Islamic world. Iqbal was of the view that all social and
political problems can be solved with the help of Islamic system.
 R O U N D TA B L E C O N F E R E N C E
• Prior to the Conference, M. K. Gandhi had initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement on
behalf of the Indian National Congress.
• The First Round Table Conference convened from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931.

• The Second Round Table Conference was held in London from 7 September 1931 to 1
December 1931
• The Third round table conference from Nov 17, 1932 – Dec 24, 1932

• to solve the problem in 1932, the final round of discussion started. Lord Irwin was replaced
by Lord Wellington who was not ready to listen to the people and wanted everyone to
follow whatever he says. Jinnah was not even invited. Before the conference British Prime
Minister Ramsay McDonald announced the Communal Award
• The Congress clearly was outraged and boycotted it
 THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935

• THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935, HAVING 321 SECTIONS AND 10 SCHEDULES

• The Act led to:

• Separation of Burma from British India, effective from 1 April 1937.

• Establishment of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

• Establishment of the Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC), a Provincial Public Service
Commission (PPSC) in each province
• Creation of the Federal Court in 1937.

• Sindh was separated from Bombay

1937 ELECTION IN BRITISH INDIA
• Congress won absolute majority in five provinces and having largest majority in
other four provinces. Muslim league only won 109 out of 480 seats.
• In 1939, the Second World War broke out, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
initially, sought support from its colonies, including India, in its war efforts.
• In protest British government's refusal to accede to their demands for
independence, the Congress ministries in the provinces resigned in late 1939 and
early 1940.

• In
 CRIPPS MISSION 1942
• Proposals of Cripps Mission

• Setting up of an Indian dominion. This dominion would have the freedom to remain with the British
Commonwealth or to secede from it. It would also be at liberty to take part in international organisations.
• A Constituent Assembly would be formed to frame a new constitution for the country. This Assembly would
have members elected by the provincial assemblies and also nominated by the princes.
• Any province unwilling to join the Indian dominion could form a separate union and have a separate
constitution.
• The transfer of power and the rights of minorities would be safeguarded by negotiations between the
Constituent Assembly and the British government.
• In the meantime, until this new constitution came into force, India’s defence would be controlled by the
British and the powers of the Governor-General would remain unaltered.
• Clear lack of support for it by the Viceroy Linlithgow, British PM Winston Churchill and the Secretary of
State for India, Leo Amery and then British India wanted to have independence from Britain.
 ELECTIONS OF 1945-46

• Muslim League’s performance was even more impressive as it managed to win all
the 30 seats reserved for the Muslims. The results of the provincial election held in
early 1946 were not different. Congress won most of the non-Muslim seats while
Muslim League captured approximately 95 percent of the Muslim seats. On the
other hand, the League celebrated January 11, 1946, as the Day of victory and
declared that the election results were enough to prove that the Muslim League
under the leadership of Quaid-i-Azam was the sole representative of the Muslims
of the region
 CABINET MISSION 1946
• Objectives of Cabinet Mission

• To obtain an agreement with the Indian leaders as to the framing of a constitution for India.

• To formulate a constitution-making body (the Constituent Assembly of India).

• To establish an Executive Council with the support of the major Indian parties.

• Why did the Cabinet Mission fail?

• The main reasons for the failure of the Cabinet Mission are given below:

• The Congress Party wanted a strong centre with minimum powers for the provinces.

• The Muslim League wanted strong political safeguards for the Muslims like parity in the legislatures.

• Since both parties had many ideological differences and could not find common ground, the mission came
up with its own set of proposals in May 1946.
 • Jinnah and the League called for ‘Direct Action Day’ on 16 August 1946 in Calcutta

• Congress’s Slogan United India (‫)اَک ھنڈ بھارت‬

• Muslim League’s Slogan PAKISTAN

June 3 Plan

•The June 3 Plan included the principles of partition, autonomy, sovereignty to both
nations, right to make their own constitution.
•Above all, the Princely States such as Jammu and Kashmir were given a choice to either
join India or Pakistan.
•This plan was accepted by both the Congress and the Muslim League.
•India gained independence on 15 August 1947
 M U S L I M PA RT I E S T H AT W E R E A G A I N S T
PA K I S TA N
• The Khaksar movement (Urdu: ‫ )تحریِک خاکسار‬was a social movement based
in Lahore, Punjab, British India, established by Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi in 1931. A
person modified from Khaksar movement attacked JINNAH SB to kill but fortunately
Quaid remained safe.
• Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam-e-Hind

• Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam and main Opponent of Pakistan Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari,
he moved to Pakistan.
• Jamaat-E-Islami prominent figure Maulana Maududi once said the former will
certainly be Pakistan [land of the pure], otherwise it will be just as 'NaPakistan' [land of
the defiled]
14 August 1947 Pakistan

Pakistan Zindabad