Thyristor Converters or Controlled Converters

The controlled rectifier circuit is divided into three main circuits:-

Power Circuit Control Circuit Triggering circuit

The commutation of thyristor is

Natural Commutation Forced Commutation

Half Wave Single Phase Controlled Rectifier With Resistive Load
 1 Vm Vm
Vdc   Vm sin(t) dt
  (cos  cos( ))  (1  cos
2 2 2
)Vdm  Vm / Vn  Vdc / Vm  0.5 (1  cos
 
1 sin(2  )

 2  m
V sin( 2 d  t Vm 1   
Vrms
 t) 
2     2 
Example 1 In the rectifier shown in Fig.3.1 it has a load of R=15  and,
Vs=220 sin 314 t and unity transformer ratio. If it is required to obtain an
average output voltage of 70% of the maximum possible output voltage,
calculate:- (a) The firing angle, (b) The efficiency, (c) Ripple factor (d)
Peak inverse voltage (PIV) of the thyristor
Vdc  0.5 (1 cos ) 
Vn 
Vdm 0.7 V 49.02
Vdc  3.268
Vdc  0.7 *Vdm  0.7 * m  49.02 V Idc   15
 R A
Vrms  Vm 1     sin(2  )  =66.42 , Vrms=95.1217V
o

2   2 
, Irms=95.122/15=6.34145A
49.02 *

Pdc

Vdc * I dc   26.56%
3.268*
95.121
 Vrms 95.121 
FF  
49.02  2 2 1.94
 Vdc

Vac
1.942 1  1.6624
RF  Vdc  FF 2 1

The PIV is Vm
Half Wave Single Phase Controlled Rectifier With RL Load
Single-Phase Center Tap Controlled Rectifier With Resistive Load
  Vm Vm

Vdc 1 V sin( t) d t (  cos( )) (1
m
    cos   cos )

Vn  Vdc  0.5 (1  cos

Vdm )
 Vm sin(2
Vrms 
1
Vm sin( t) 2 d t 
)
   2 
 2
Example 4 The rectifier shown in Fig.3.8 has load of
R=15  and, Vs=220 sin 314 t and unity transformer
ratio. If it is required to obtain an average output voltage
of 70 % of the maximum possible output voltage,
calculate:- (a) The delay angle, (b) The efficiency, (c)
The ripple factor (d) The peak inverse voltage (PIV) of
the thyristor.
Vn  dc  0.5 (1 cos ) 
V then, =66.42o
Vdm 0.7
Vm  220 , then, Vdc  0.7 *Vdm  0.7 * 2 Vm  98.04

V
Vdc 98.04 Vm sin(2  )
I  R  15  6.536 A Vrms  2
dc  2
at =66.42o Vrms=134.638 V. 
Then, Irms=134.638/15=8.976 A

Pdc Vdc * I dc 98.04 * 6.536

   134.638 *8.976  53.04%

Pac Vrms *
V 134.638
FF Irms rms  98.04  1.3733
Vdc
1 
Vdc
V
RF  ac  FF 2 1  1.37332 0.9413
The PIV is 2 Vm
Single-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Bridge With Resistive Load
 Vm

 cos   cos(  Vm

Vdc  1 Vm sin( t) d t  (1 

 ) 
Vn  Vdc /Vdm  0.5 (1  cos )
cos )
 Vm sin(2
Vrms 
1
V sin( t) 2 d t 
)
  m
  2 
 2
Example 5 The rectifier shown in Fig.3.11 has load of R=15 
and, Vs=220 sin 314 t and unity transformer ratio. If it is required
to obtain an average output voltage of 70% of the maximum
possible output voltage, calculate:- (a) The delay angle , (b) The
efficiency, (c) Ripple factor of output voltage(d) The peak inverse
voltage (PIV) of one thyristor.
 Vdc  0.5 (1 cos )  0.7 , then,
Vn 
Vdm =66.42o
Vm  220 , then, Vdc  0.7 *Vdm  0.7 * 2 Vm  98.04

V
Vdc 98.04
Idc   
6.536 A R 15
Vm sin(2  )
Vrms   2  2
=66.42o 
Vrms=134.638 V. Then, Irms=134.638/15=8.976 A


Pdc

Vdc * I dc   98.04 * 6.536  53.04%
134.638
Pac Vrms * *8.976
Vrms 134.638
FF   98.04  1.3733
Irms
V dc
 Vac
RF  Vdc  FF 1
2 1.37332 1 
 The PIV is 0.9413
Vm
Full Wave Fully Controlled Rectifier With RL Load In Continuous Conduction
Mode
Full Wave Fully Controlled Rectifier With pure DC Load
 4I
i(t)   o *(sin t  13 sin 3t  51 sin 5t  71 sin 7t  91 sin 9t
 ..........)
   2Vm
1 cos
Vdc 
 Vm sin(t) dt  
Vn  Vdc / Vdm 
cos   Vm

V
 Vm sin(  t) d t 
1 2 
Vrms   
2 

(1  cos(2 t) d t  m
2

Example 6 The rectifier shown in Fig.3.14 has pure DC load
current of 50 A and, Vs=220 sin 314 t and unity transformer ratio.
If it is required to obtain an average output voltage of 70% of the
maximum possible output voltage, calculate:- (a) The delay
angle , (b) The efficiency, (c) Ripple factor (d) The peak inverse
voltage (PIV) of the thyristor and (e) Input displacement factor.
Vn  Vdc  cos  then, =45.5731o= 0.7954
Vdm 0.7
Vm  220 , Vdc  0.7 *Vdm  0.7 * 2 Vm /   98.04
V , Vrms  Vm / 2

At =45.5731 o
V 98.04
=155.563 V. *
Then, Irms63.02%
=50 A

Pdc

Vdc * I dc
rms 
50
155.563*
Pac Vrms *
50
155.563
 I 98.04  1.587
The PIV is Vm
rms
Vdc
V
FF  Vrms
RF  Vdc
ac  FF 2 1  1.37332 1 
1.23195
Input displacement factor. cos  0.7
Single Phase Full Wave Fully Controlled Rectifier With Source Inductance
  2 s 
u  cos cos 
1
 
LV m
 

4  Ls I o
Vrd  2  4 fLs Io
 2V
Vdc actual  Vdc without sourceinduc tan  Vrd  m cos  4 fLs Io
ce

2I o2  u 8Io *sin u
Is     I S1 
2 u 2
 I s1 2  3
u
p. f    
cos
 Is   2
Inverter Mode Of Operation
 Fig.3.27 SCR inverter with a DC voltage source.

2
Ed  Vd  Vdo cos    Ls I d
Three Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with Resistive Load
  30
  30
5 / 6
3   3 3 Vm
Vdc   m
V sin t d t  cos  0.827Vm cos
2 2
/
3 6 
 VLL cos  0.675VLL cos
2

I dc  3 3 Vm cos  0.827 *Vm cos
2 * * R
R 3 5 / 1 3
6 V sin  t 2 d t  3 V
Vrms  2  m m 
6 8 2
cos
/ 

3 Vm
6 
I rms  1 3 Vm 1 3 cos
R 
6 8 cos Ir IS Irms

2 3 2
  R 6
 > 30
 > 30

3 3V      
    0.4775Vm 1    
Vdc 
Vm sin  t dt  2m 1 
2  / 6 6   6 
cos cos

3 V 
I dc  m 1 cos    
2  6 

R 
3 5   1
 Vm sin  t d t  3 Vm
2
 sin(  / 3  2
Vrms  2  / 6 24 4 8 
 )
3 Vm 5 1
I rms  R 24 4 8 sin( / 3  2
 
  )
I r  I S  Irms  Vm 5

 sin( / 3  2
3 )
1

Example 7 Three-phase half-wave controlled rectfier is connected to 380 V
three phase supply via delta-way 380/460V transformer. The load of
the
rectfier is pure resistance of 5  . The delay angle   25o . Calculate:
The rectfication effeciency (b) PIV of thyristors
3 3
Vdc  2
V LL cos   460cos 25 
281.5V
2
Vdc 281.5
Idc  R   56.3 A
rms 
5
2VLL 1 3

6 8 cos
V *  2
cos2 * 25  298.8
 2 *460 1 3
* 68
 V
Vrms 298.8
I rms  R  5  59.76 A
Vdc I dc *100 

88.75%
 Example 8 Solve the previous example (evample 7) if the firing angle   60o

 2 * 460
3 3 
3 Vm       
Vdc   1 cos      2 
1 cos    179.33
 2  
6  
6 3 
 V
V 179.33
Idc  Rdc   35.87 A
From5 (3.65) we can calculate Vrms as following:

Vrms  3 m
5

 
1 sin( / 3  2 ) 
V
24 4 8 230V
 5  46 A
Vrms 230
Irms  R


Vdc *100  60.79%
Vrms Irms
I dc
PIV  2 VLL  2 * 460  650.54
V
Three Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier With DC Load Current
 t=0

2 / 3 2 dc  2n 
bn 
2
 I dc sin(n t) d t
I 1 
3 
 0   n cos
Then, bn  2 I d c * 3 for n=1,2,4,5,7,8,10,…
n 2
And bn  0 For n=3,6,9,12

i p (t)  dc sin t 2 sin 2t 4 sin 4t 5 sin 5t7 sin 7t
3I 1 1 1 1

 ...... I p2  I 2 2 3I dc 
THD  p1 Ip  * Idc I 
2 3
p1
2
I p1
2 2 9
I dc  I 2
dc
3 2 2
THD   68%
9 Idc
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
THD   1   1  1   1  1   1   1  1 1
             ....  68
 2   4  5   7   8 10   11  13  14  %
 
 Example 9 Three phase half wave controlled rectfier is connected
to 380 V three phase supply via delta-way 380/460V transformer. The
load
of the rectfier draws 100 A pure DC current. The delay angle,   30o .
Calculate: (a) THD of primary current. (b) Input power factor.

380
460
the peak value of primary current is 100*  121.05 A .
2
IP,rms  121.05* 3  98.84
A
I 
3I dc

3*121.05
 81.74 A
P1
2 2

THDI   I P,rms 2 1 *100  98.84  2 1 *100 

81.74
P
 I P1     67.98%

P. f  IP1    81.74  
I P,rms * cos    
 98.84 * cos    0.414 Lagging
6 6 6
Three Phase Full Wave Fully Controlled Rectifier With Resistive Load

  60 o
  / 2  3 3 Vm cos
Vdc 
3
 3 Vm sin( t  ) d t

  / 6 6 

3
3 Vm
Vdm 
  1  3 3 cos 2 
 / 2  2
Vrms 
3
  

3  Vm sin( t  )  d t  3 Vm
6 

2 
/
6 4
  60o

5 / 6
 3 3
Vdc  3  3 Vm sin( t  ) d t V 
m
1  cos / 3 
 / 6
 
6 
 1 cos / 3  
Vdm  3 3 Vm Vdc
Vn 

5 / 6
 Vdm
3  2 3   
Vrms    3 Vm sin( t    d t 
 6  3Vm 1    2  cos2   
/ ) 4 6 
6
Example 10 Three-phase full-wave controlled rectifier is connected to
380 V, 50 Hz supply to feed a load of 10  pure resistance. If it is
required to get 400 V DC output voltage, calculate the following: (a) The
firing angle,  (b) The rectfication effeciency (c) PIV of the thyristors.

Vdc  3 3 Vm
cos  
3 3
*
2
* 380 cos  
 400V . R 3
Vdc 400
Then   38.79o , I dc  R  10  40A
From (3.84) the rms value of the output voltage is:

3 Vm  1  3 cos 2   412.412
Vrms 
 2 3 V
4 
Vrms 412.412
Then, Vrms  412.412 V Then, I  R  10
rms  41.24 A
400 *
Then,  
Vdc * I dc
*100 412.4 *100 
40 *
Vrms * I rms 94.07%
 41.24
 Example 11 Solve the previous example if the required dc voltage is 150V.
Solution: From (3.81) the average voltage is :

2
3
3 * 3 * 380
Vdc  1  cos   / 3       73 o
 150V
t is not acceptable result because the above equation valid only for   60
. Then we have to use the (3.85) to get

3 Vm
3
cos   3 cos  
Vdc  3   75.05o
150V 3*
 
Vdc 150
Idc    15A 2
R 10 *380
From (3.88) the rms
value of the output
voltage is: 3     2 * 380 *  3  2 * 75.05   cos 2* 75.05   Vrms 198.075V
Vrms  3Vm 1 2   cos     
2 3* 1 
4  *
4 180
6 
3  30 
150
Irms 
Vrms

198.075
 19.8075 A Vdc * Idc *100  *100  57.35 %
  Vrms * Irms *15
198.075*19.81
R 10
The PIV= 3 Vm=537.4V
Three Phase Full Wave Fully Controlled Rectifier With pure DC Load Current
 > 60o
  2 LS I o 
u  cos cos 
1

 VLL 
 3
Vdc actual  Vdc without sourceinduc tan ce  Vrd 2 VLL cos  6 fLs I o

2 6 Io u
IS  2I  u 
o2
sin 
   I S1 
u 2
 3 6 2
sin 
6 Io u
2 3 * sin 
u
I   u   
pf  I S1 cos     2  cos   u    2  cos  u 
u  
S 2 2I o2   u 2 u  u  2
   
3 6


 3 6

Inverter Mode of Operation