3 pics and 1 word

CHEMISTRY

What is Chemistry?
The study of “stuff”.
At the end of the quarter, you will be able to:

01 02
Analyze on how matter has
Determine where all the matter in
the universe came from changed and continues to change

03
find answers as to why stuff is a
04
Develop an appreciation of why
certain way and why it changes in stuff is important in our daily
certain ways. lives
Objective!
can give evidence for and explain the
formation of the light elements in the Big
Bang theory
What is a Physical Science?
PHYSICAL SCIENCE: MATTER AND
ENERGY
Here is where your presentation begins
 IMPORTANT TERMS!
COSMOLOGY ANNIHILATION

BIG BANG THEORY/BIG BANG RECOMBINATION

MODEL

SINGULARITY REDSHIFT

RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
INFLATION
COSMIC MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
1. Give examples of cosmologies from different religions
and cultures based on their beliefs?

2. Do you think there is proof that any of their stories or

cosmologies are true?

3. Why different cultures have the need to explain where

they came from and how the world was created?

4. What are the possible reasons why some people think

science goes against what they believe in?
What is the big
bang theory?

explains the
primordial creation
and expansion of
space at the
beginning of time.
 Astronomers George
Lemaître and Edwin Hubble
were some of first
proponents of the Big Bang
Theory/Model
● This is the most accepted theory
that the vast universe grew out of
something where all matter and
energy were compressed to infinite
density and heated to trillions of
degrees.
● A fraction of second after the explosion,
the universe was filled with quarks that
combined to form protons and neutrons.

Matter began to take form light elements

Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium was
formed through the process of Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis.
The key stages of
the Big Bang
Model/Theory
 All of it then began to rapidly expand in a
The universe may have begun as an process known as inflation. Space itself
infinitely hot and dense initial singularity, expanded faster than the speed of light.
a point with all of space, time, matter In this still hot and dense mass of the
and energy. This means that there was universe, pairs of matter and antimatter
no where, when or what. There is no (quarks and antiquarks) were formed
space around the singularity – just from energy, but these pairs cancelled
nothingness. each other back into energy
(annihilation)

The universe cooled down as it

Much later on, electrons started to bind to
expanded. An excess of matter
ioniz protons and nuclei forming neutral
(electrons, protons, neutrons and other
atoms in a process called recombination.
particles) somehow came to be in a
Gravity caused these atoms to collapse
highly energetic “plasma soup.” Photons
onto one another to form stars and
(light particles) were being scattered
galaxies and eventually, other matter.
everywhere in this “soup
Similar to the Big Bang, a balloon expands
very rapidly at the start, then more slowly
when it has already inflated. But some
evidence shows that the expansion is now
accelerating again.
As the balloon is blown, its surface area increases as it is
filled with more air here, as the balloon inflates, the
stickers appear to be moving away from each other, yet
none of them are getting closer because of the surface
area getting increased here.
space itself is expanding in all
directions causing all the
galaxies to be relatively farther
apart
Using different instruments can enable us to
detect the light of other galaxies.

This light is found to be redshifted (the light

looks “stretched”).
So when one
proton
combines with
one neutron,
DEUTERON , an
isotope of
hydrogen was
formed.
“They only have the
same number of
protons but differ in
the number of
neutrons .”

ISOTOPES
 HYDROGEN HAS THREE
ISOTOPES

PROTIUM DEUTERON TRITON

Proton Proton and neutron Proton and two neutron
BIG BANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

The Big bang theory predicts that

the early universe was a very hot
place, so hot that even the
particles of protons and neutrons
are destroyed during collision.
HYDROGEN has
one proton (H),
He has 2
protons,
Li has 3 , and
Be has 4 and so
on.
When DEUTERON (1 proton, 1
neutron) combines with 1 neutron,
TRITON is formed and this is still
hydrogen since it has only one
proton regardless of the number of
neutrons in it.
 p+

PROTIUM
 p+ n

DEUTERON/DEUTERIUM
p+ n n

TRITIUM/
TRITON
 D = 1 p+ , 1 n
T = 1 p+ , 2 n
3He = 2 p+ , 1 n
4He = 2 p+ , 2 n
7Be = 4 p+ , 3 n
7Li = 3 p+ , 4 n
The Big Bang Nucleosynthesis theory predicts that roughly
25% the mass of the Universe consists of Helium. It also
predicts about 0.01% deuterium, and even smaller quantities
of lithium. The important point is that the prediction depends
critically on the density of baryons (i.e neutrons and protons)
at the time of nucleosynthesis.
This suggests that other galaxies are moving
farther away from ours. It was later
determined that they are not moving away.
Instead, space itself is expanding in all
directions causing all the galaxies to be
relatively farther apart. From this “redshift” we
learn how fast the universe is expanding.
Redshift is the first piece of evidence for the
Big Bang model.
the wavelength of the light is
stretched, so the light is seen as
'shifted' towards the red part of the
spectrum.
PERIODIC TABLE

the elements are

arranged
according to the
increasing
number of
protons

ATOMIC NUMBER
Figure 2. Significant nuclear reactions during Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
 due to the rapid cooling due to expansion,
nucleosynthesis ground to a halt about three
minutes after the Big Bang occurred
The relative abundance of light elements in
the universe is the second piece of
evidence to prove that the Big Bang
occurred.

24% of the universe’s ordinary matter is

currently comprised of helium,

about 74% hydrogen, and

2% of other elements
This left us with mostly
H isotopes (p, D and T),
He isotopes and a very
tiny bit of other
elements like Li.

The relative abundance

of He and H did not
change much until
today.
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND

- It is the third piece of evidence.

- the energy (thermal radiation) that
was left as a result of recombination.

The remaining radiation then began to scatter.

This is seen by scientists as a faint microwave
glow not emitted by any object in space.
The more significant amounts of Li, Be and B that are
formed through other processes, such as cosmic ray
spallation. Once matter recombined, gravity and other forces
brought matter together to eventually form stars 200 billion
years after the Big Bang occurred.
 LET’S WATCH!

www.youtube.com/watch? v=wNDGgL73ihY
 ASSESSMENT:

Test I. Complete the term for the defined

science concepts.

1. The study of
the composition
C_E_IS_R_ _
(make-up) of
matter
2. This explains that _I_ B_ _G _H_O_Y
science brings forth a
cosmological theory, not
from belief, but from
scientific evidence that
the universe once began
to expand and continues
to expand until today
3. Astronomers George
Lemaître and _____ _____ ED_IN _U_ _LE
were some of first
proponents of the Big
Bang Theory/Model

4. refers to the process

of creating new atomic N_C_E_S_NT_E_IS
nuclei from pre- existing
nucleons, primarily
protons and neutrons.
Test II.

1. How do the light elements form in

the primordial universe?
2. How many protons and neutron
does Lithium have?
ASSESSMENT:

Is the universe expanding? Why did you say so?

Will the universe expand forever? Explain.

ASSIGNMENT:
Research the Steady State Theory, which is the
alternate scientific cosmological theory proposed at
the time.

a. Present the features of the Steady State Theory

b. Compare and contrast Steady State Theory to

the Big Bang

c. Discuss the evidence that led to the Steady State

Theory being discarded
 LITHIUM

MAGNESIUM CALCIUM
Venus is the second planet Saturn is a gas giant and has
from the Sun several rings

STRONTIUM BARIUM
Despite being red, Mars is a Jupiter is the biggest planet
cold place in the Solar System
 Mercury is the
Venus has a beautiful Earth is the third planet Mars is a cold place. It's
closest planet to the
name and is the second from the Sun and the full of iron oxide dust,
Sun and the smallest
planet from the Sun. It’s only one that harbors which gives the planet
one in the Solar
terribly hot life in the Solar System its reddish cast
System
TRANSITION METALS

SCANDIUM TITANIUM VANADIUM

Mercury is the closest Venus is the second planet Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun from the Sun actually a very cold place

YTTRIUM ZIRCONIUM NIOBIUM

Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is composed of Neptune is the farthest
planet of them all hydrogen and helium planet from the Sun
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM: CARBON ATOM

ELECTRON
Mercury is the
closest planet to the
Sun

PROTON 6 protons
+
Venus is the second 6
planet from the sun neutrons

NEUTRON
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
AWESOME
WORDS
A PICTURE IS
WORTH A
THOUSAND
WORDS
 03
PERIODIC TABLE HISTORY
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
123,456,789
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
10.811 u
It’s the atomic mass of Boron

22.990 u
It’s the atomic mass of Sodium

51.996 u
It’s the atomic mass of Chromium
VIDEO TUTORIAL

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OUR TEAM
JENNA DOE TIMMY JIMMY SUSAN BONES

You can speak a bit about You can speak a bit about You can speak a bit about
this person here this person here this person here
THIS IS A GRAPH

MERCURY VENUS
It’s the closest It’s the second
planet to the Sun planet from the Sun

MARS JUPITER
Despite being red, It’s the biggest
Mars is cold planet of them all

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
ACTINIDES ELEMENTS

PROTACTINI
Name ACTINIUM THORIUM UM URANIUM
Atomic number 89 90 91 92

Atomic mass 227.028 u 232.038 u 231.036 u 238.029 u

Ionization energy 5.17 eV 6.08 eV 5.89 eV 6.194 eV

ELEMENT INFORMATION

55.847
Atomic number 26 u Atomic weight

Symbol
Fe
Iron
7.874
g/cm³ Density
Name

1,811o 3,134o Boiling point

Melting point
BEST CHEMISTRY SCHOOLS

MERCURY VENUS
It’s the closest It’s the second
planet to the Sun planet from the Sun

MARS JUPITER
Despite being red, It’s the biggest
Mars is cold planet of them all
INFOGRAPHIC DIAGRAM

PERIODIC TABLE
ELEMENTS

MERCURY MARS SATURN

It’s the closest planet to the Sun It’s the 4th planet from the Sun It’s the 6th planet to the Sun

VENUS JUPITER NEPTUNE

It’s the 2nd planet from the Sun It’s the 5th planet to the Sun Neptune is far away from Earth
PERIODIC TABLE: HISTORY AND ARRANGEMENT

First Second Third Fourth

MERCUR
Y VENUS MARS JUPITER SATURN
It’s the closest Venus has a Mars is actually Jupiter is the Saturn has
planet to the beautiful name a very cold biggest planet several rings
Sun place
THIS IS ANOTHER GRAPH

10%
MERCURY JUPITER
30%
It’s the closest It’s the biggest
planet to the Sun 20% planet of them all

VENUS MARS
It’s the second Despite being red,
planet from the Sun 40% Mars is cold

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