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Unit 1

The document discusses concrete technology and cement production. It defines cement and describes the key components and processes involved, including the rotary kiln, chemical composition, hydration reactions of cement compounds, and common tests performed on cement.

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Akshata Musale
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17 views

Unit 1

The document discusses concrete technology and cement production. It defines cement and describes the key components and processes involved, including the rotary kiln, chemical composition, hydration reactions of cement compounds, and common tests performed on cement.

Uploaded by

Akshata Musale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Concrete Technology

Unit 1
Concrete Technology

Definition:
• Cement is defined in many ways as follows,
• Cement, any material that hardens and
becomes strongly adhesive after
• application.
• Manufactured substance consisting of gypsum
plaster, or Portland cement.
• Portland cement hardens and adheres after
being mixed with water.
THE KILN
The heart of the cement
plant
• Largest moving part of
any machine.
• inclined, rotates.
• up to 50m long and 5m
diam.
• Heated by fire jet
•The rotary kiln is along steel cylinder lined with refractory brick 6m
in diameter and over 180m in height with production capacity
exceeding 1000 tones a day.
• The kiln is inclined a few degrees from the horizontal ( about 4 cm\
m )and is rotated about its axis at a speed of about 60 to 150
revolution\hour ).
• Pulverized coal or gas is used as the source of heat. The heat is
supplied from the lower end of the kiln. The max. temperature near
the lower end of the kiln is generally about 1400-1500 OC.
(Chemical Composition and Hydration)

Oxide Composition of Portland Cement


•Portland cement is composed of four major oxides: lime
( CaO ), silica ( SiO2 ), alumina ( Al2O3 ), and iron ( Fe2O3 ).
•Also Portland cement contains small amount of magnesia (
MgO ), alkalies (Na2O and K2O ), and sulfuric anhydrite
( SO3 ).
Approximate Composition Limits of Oxides in
Portland
Hydration of cement

• PC + Water Series
of chemical
reaction Hydration
of cement.
• Products of
hydration:
C-S-H gel ,Ca(OH)2 &
C4ASH18 (ettringite).
Each compound produces different products
when it hydrates.

•Tricalcium silicate (C3S). Hydrates and hardens rapidly and is


largely responsible for initial set and early strength. Portland
cements with higher percentages of C3S will exhibit higher early
strength.
• Dicalcium silicate (C2S). Hydrates and hardens slowly and is
largely responsible for strength increases beyond one week.
• Tricalcium aluminate (C3A). Hydrates and hardens the quickest.
Liberates a large amount of heat almost immediately and
contributes somewhat to early strength. Gypsum is added to
Portland cement to retard C3A hydration
•Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF). Hydrates rapidly but
contributes very little to strength. Its use allows lower kiln
temperatures in Portland cement manufacturing. Most Portland
cement color effects are due to C4AF.
Characteristics of Hydration of the Cement Compounds
Strength gain of cement phases
Hydration of cement
Testing of cement:
1.Vicat Apparatus
2. Blaine’s Air permeability test
3. Le Chatelier Apparatus
4. Compression test

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