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Packages

The document discusses how to create and import user-defined packages in Java. It explains how to name packages, choose a root directory, add the directory to the classpath, add package statements to source files, and access classes from packages. It also covers built-in Java packages and scopes defined by classes.

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Sambasiva Varikuti
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18 views17 pages

Packages

The document discusses how to create and import user-defined packages in Java. It explains how to name packages, choose a root directory, add the directory to the classpath, add package statements to source files, and access classes from packages. It also covers built-in Java packages and scopes defined by classes.

Uploaded by

Sambasiva Varikuti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Packages

• Package is a group of classes.

1
Creating and importing an user defined package

1. Pick a name for your package

Ex : 1. mypackage
2. mypackage.util

– java recommends lower case letters to the


package names

2
2. Choose a directory in your hard drive as the
root directory of your package.
– You need a place on your hard disk to store your
packages.
– For example, create a directory such as c:\mylib
– This folder becomes the root directory for your
packages.

3
3.Create subdirectories within the root directory
for your package name.

For example, for the package named mypackage.util, create


a directory named mypackage in the c:\mylib. Then, in the
mypackage directory, create a directory named util.

4
4. Add the root directory for your package to
the classpath environment variable.

 Do not disturb any paths already listed in the classpath

– For example, suppose your classpsath is already set to


this:
C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0_05\lib;

– Then, you modify it to look like this:


C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0_05\lib;c:\mylib;

5
5. Add a package statement at the beginning of
each source file.

• All classes declared within that file belong to the specified


package.

• For example: package mypackage.util;

• The package statement must be the first statement in the file.

6
6. Save the files for any classes you want to be
in a particular package in the corresponding
package directory.

-- For example, save the files for a class that belongs to

the mypackage.util package in


c:\mylib\mypackage\util

7
Ex:
package mypackage.util;
public class Sum
{
public int sumInt(int a[])
{

int s=0;

for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)
{
s = s+a[i];
}

return s;
}
}
8
Contd..
import mypackage.util.*;
class PackageDemo
{
public static void main( String args[])
{
int x[] = {1,2,3,4,5};
Sum s = new Sum();
System.out.println(s.sumInt(x));
}
}

Note: This file can be compiled and executed from any


place

9
• In general, a Java source file can contain any (or all)
of the following four internal parts:

– A single package statement (optional).


– Any number of import statements (optional).
– A single public class declaration (required).
– Any number of classes private to the package
(optional).

10
Java Built-In Packages
• There are six built-in packages :

– java.lang
• Contains classes for Strings, Math functions, Threads, and Exception
– java.util
• Contains classes such as Scanner, Vector,date, Calendar etc.
– java.io
• Stream classes for I/O
– java.awt
• Classes for implementing GUI – Windows, Buttons, Menus etc.
– java.net
• Classes for Network programming
– Java.sql
• Classes for Database accessing.
– java.applet
• Classes for creating and implementing applets

11
Accessing Classes from Packages
• There are two ways of accessing the classes
from packages:

1. Using fully qualified class name


• java.lang.Math.sqrt(x);

2. Import package and use class name directly


• import java.lang.Math;
• Math.sqrt(x);

12
• Selected class or all classes in packages can be
imported:

– import package.ClassName;
– import package.*;

13
Scopes defined by a class
There are five categories of visibility for class members.

– Same class
– Subclasses in the same package.
– Non-subclasses in the same package.
– Subclasses in different packages.
– Non-subclasses in different packages.

14
To summarize

Class member access

15
Contd..
• We can simplify access protection as follows:
– Anything declared public can be accessed from
anywhere.
– Anything declared private can be accessed within the
same class only.
– default is visible to the same class, subclasses and non-
subclasses in the same package.
– protected is visible to the same class, subclasses, non-
subclasses in the same package and subclasses in different
packages.

16
Class / Interface access modifiers

• A class / Interface has two access levels


– default
– public
• When a class is declared as public, it is accessible by any
other code.
• If a class has default access, then it can only be accessed by
other code within the same package.

17

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