Unit No : 03

Wind Energy System

Dr. Durgeshkumar S Chavan

Head – Mechanical Engg. Dept.

Government Polytechnic, Karad

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Course Outcomes :

CO - ID After successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

M22661-a Maintain mechanical components of solar thermal systems.

M22661-b Maintain mechanical components of solar PV systems.

M22661-c Maintain mechanical components of Wind turbines.

M22661-d Maintain mechanical components of micro hydro turbines.

M22661-e Maintain mechanical components of Biomass plants.

M22661-f Maintain mechanical components of hybrid renewable energy system.

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Teaching & Marking Scheme of Unit :
No. of Hours
Name of Unit Marks Distribution
Allocated

Solar Thermal Systems 10 14

Solar Photovoltaic Systems 08 12

Wind Energy Systems 08 12

Micro Hydro Power Systems 08 10

Bio-energy systems 08 12

Renewable Energy Hybrid systems and

06 10
feasibility studies

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Unit – III : Wind Energy Systems

Unit Outcomes: (At the end of this unit students should be able to learn)
UO 3a Explain with sketches the working of the small HAWT.

UO 3b Explain with sketches the working of VAWTs.

UO 3c Prepare the specifications of the specified type of small wind turbine.

UO 3d Describe with sketches the functions of the given components of the large wind power plant.

UO 3e Describe the procedure to undertake routine maintenance of small wind turbines.

UO 3f Describe the procedure to maintain large wind turbines.

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Introduction :
• Wind Energy

• Form of Solar Energy

• Approximately 2% of the Sun’s Energy.
• How Winds are Created..??
• Capital Cost 4 Cr / MW
• Available Wind Energy – 160 * 105 MW
• Installation – 94000 MW
• Denmark, Spain, Germany
• Since 1980, Wind Power Energy generation in India

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• Wind Energy Power Plant

• Kinetic Energy of moving Air >> Mechanical Energy

(Either directly connected to run the machine or Connected to Generator to produce electricity)

• KE >> ME >> EE

• Windmills are used for this purpose

D:\A.Y. 2020-21\Sem II\Course File\RET\Lecture PPT\Unit III\Referance Videos

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 Airfoil or Aerofoil :
• Wind turbine Blades

• Airfoil or Aerofoil type c/s and variable pitch

• Slightly twisted to reduce tendency of stall
• For better performance – made narrower at tip
• Subjected to vibrational stresses, stresses due to wind turbulence,
• Directional changes of wind, wind speed variation , wind gust,
• Gravitational force, Pressure of tower
• Design of blades – critical issue

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 Terms used in WES :
• Aerodynamics : Branch of science deals with air and gases in motion & its effect
• Blade : Important part which extract wind energy
• Leading Edge – Front edge of blade faces towards wind flow
• Trailing Edge – Rear edge of blade
• Chord line – line joining leading and trailing edge
• Airfoil or Aerofoil – Streamlined air surface designed for air to flow around it in order to
produce low drag and high lift force
• Angle of attack – angle between relative air flow and chord of aerofoil
• Mean line – Equidistant line from upper & lower surface of airfoil
• Chamber : max. Distance between mean line and chord line (measure curvature of airfoil)
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 Terms used in WES :
• Rotor : Primary part extract energy from wind (consist of blades and hub )
• Hub : Central solid part of turbine where blades are fixed
• Propeller : Turbine shaft rotates with hub
• Tip speed ratio – ratio of outer blade tip speed to undisturbed natural wind speed
• Pitch angle – Angle between blade chord and plane of blade rotation
• Pitch control of blades – system to change pitch angle of blade as per wind speed
• Swept Area – Area covered by rotating rotor
• Solidity – ration of Blade area to swept area
• Nacelle : Assembly of generator, gear box, hydraulic system and yawing mechanism

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 Terms used in WES :
• Yaw Control : mechanism to steer the axis of turbine in direction of wind
• Cut in speed : Wind speed at which a turbine starts to operate
• Rated wind speed – Wind speed at which turbine attains maximum output.
• Cut out speed – Speed at which wind turbine designed to shut down to prevent damage
from high winds.

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 LIFT and DRAG Force :
• Two Primary mechanisms for producing force from wind
• Lift Force (FL) : Component of force at right angles to direction of air stream on airfoil

• Drag Force (FD) – Component of force in the direction of air stream.

• When air stream approaches airfoil along axis of symmetry – only drag force is generataed
in direction of flow , No Lift Force
• Production of Lift force requires asymmetry of flow , while drag force exists always.
• Possible to create drag without lift, impossibe to create lift without drag.
• Lift force – produced by changing velocity of air stream flowing over either side of lift
surface Speed at which wind turbine designed to shut down to prevent damage from high
winds.
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 LIFT and DRAG Force :
• Lift force – produced by changing velocity of air stream flowing over either side of lift
surface
• Speeding up air flow causes pressure to drop, slowing down air stream leads to increase in
pressure
• Change in velocity generates a pressure difference across lifting surface
• Pressure difference produce a force, which acts on high pressure side and moves towards
low pressure side
• For efficient operation, wind turbine needs to function with as much lift and as little drag
as possible as drag dissipates energy.
• Good airfoil has high lift/drag ratio (LDR) - Approx. 30
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ClClassification of Wind Energy System (WES) :
• According to axis of Rotor :
• Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)
• Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
• According to Capacity :
• Small WES
• Large WES
• According to Application :
• Commercial WES
• Domestic WES
• According to Arrangement :
• Stand Alone
• Grid Connected
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Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)

• Also Known as Horizontal Axis Wind Mill

• Consist of Hub on the Circumference of which Rotor Blades are Mounted

• Rotor Brakes, Gear Box, Generator, Electrical Switch

• Brakes are for stopping rotor when Power Generation is not desired

• The Gear Box is used to Step up the Shaft r.p.m as per requirement

• Nacelle Unit is a part where Hub, Gear Box & Generator combines

• Yaw Control Mechanism is for Movement of Nacelle Unit about Vertical Axis

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Details of HAWT

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Details of HAWT

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 Typical Specification of large HAWT
Performance Metric Imperial Gearbox

Rated Power 1 MW 1-Stage Planetary, 2-Stage bevel gear

Gear Ratio 1:69.155 / 1:82.824
Rated Wind Speed 13.5 m/s 30 mph
Rated Power 1100 KW
8 – 55
Operating Range 3.5 – 25 m/s mph Forced Automatic heated and cooling lubrication
Maximum Wind Speed 55 m/s 123 mph Generator
Rated Power 200 / 1000 KW
Tip Speed 70.5 m/s 157 mph
Rated Voltage 690V
Rated Speed 13.5 m/s 30 mph
Rated Frequency 50 / 60 Hz
Rotor Rotation Speed 21.95 RPM Rated Current 193 / 909A

Primary Brake 3-blade tip aerodynamic 1510 / 1516 /

Rated Rotation Speed 1212 / 1818 RPM
Secondary Brake Mechanical on shaft
Protection Level IP54
Insulation Level H/F
Parameters
Lubrication Automatic Greasing
Rotor Diameter 5Physical 4.4 m 178 ft Cooling Water Cooling

Hub Height 70 m 230 ft Yaw System

Active and Automatic Control
Blade Weight 4.35 mt / blade 9590 lbs
Yaw Bearing Inner gear bearing
Number of Blades 3 Yaw Speed 0.75 degrees
Yaw Brake Disc with dampener
Blade Composition Reinforced Glass Fiber
Max Rotation 720 degrees
Tip Brake Control Hydraulic Auto/Manual Controller
Lightning Protection Included in blade Type Computer
Monitor Data RMON
Nacelle Weight 40.5 mtonnes 89,287 lbs
Grid Connection
Rotor Weight 18.5 mtonnes 40,785 lbs
Power Factor Compensation Capacity Compensation
195,770
Tower Weight 88.8 mtonnes lbs Power Factor (COS) 0.95 – 1

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Advantages

• Massive Tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind Shear.

• High Efficiency, Since blades are moving in direction perpendicular to the wind

Disadvantages

• High Capital Cost

• Additional Yaw Control Mechanism is required

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Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

• Also Known as Vertical Axis Wind Mill

• Consist of Darrius type rotor, blades, support structure, Enclosed
Gear Box, Generator Brakes.
• Tower is hollow vertical rotor shaft which rotates freely
• Upper Platform supports tower.
• Height is about 100mtr.
• Blades are curved in shape.
• To avoid bending Stress due to Centrifugal Force
• Dia. Of Rotor Blade < Tower Height

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Advantages

• Gearbox, Generator etc. are located at the Ground, Which helps to Simplify the design

• Eliminates heavy Nacelle unit at the Top

• Easy Inspection and Maintenance

• Reduction in Cost

Disadvantages

• Less Efficiency

• Blades are close to the ground, wind velocity is less.

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Remember…

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HAWT Vs VAWT

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Advantages & Limitations of Wind Power Plant
Advantages :
 Provided on large scale can generate electricity economically
 Reliable & cheap source of energy
 Never exhausting (Renewable source of energy)
 Non polluting energy resource
 No storage and transportation of fuel required

Limitations :
 Wind availability fluctuates from region to region and season wise
 Power generated directly proportional to wind speed. (Available power may vary)
 Damage to plant if wind velocity exceeds than predesigned value
 Minimum wind velocity required to start plant
 Noisy in operation
 Require large space 24
Applications of Wind Power Plant :
 Electric Power Generation
 Range 40 – 1000 W – for water heating and electric battery charging
 Range up to 50 Kw – Remote communication, weather stations, navigation signals
(light house)
 Range 100 – 250 Kw – Power supply to remote areas, commercial refrigerators,
Small scale industries
 Wind Power Plants – Capacity more than 1 MW (power to local electricity grid)
 Wind Pumps – Supply water to small speed irrigation and domestic water supply

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Small Wind Energy System

 Capacity less than 25kW

 Used for Communities, businesses, schools, clinics, farms etc.

 Agricultural and small scale Business

 For all applications Turbines providing energy for End user instead of Power from Local Electricity Grid

 Grid Connected in : Domestic/Industrial Application

 Stand Alone : Water Pumping/Battery Charging

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Classification

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Large Wind Energy System

 Capacity 100 kW to 3000kW (3MW)

 For Offshore – Capacity of 3 – 5 MW

 Used for Electricity Generating Power Plants.

 Large turbines are installed in array.

 In India total Installed capacity is about 22000 MW (as on 2014)

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Classification :

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Grid Connected System

 This categorised under Small Wind Energy System

 If turbine can not generate sufficient amount of energy, that difference is covered up by Local
Electricity Grid.
 If excess amount of electricity is generated, it is sent to Grid Connected System.
 No need of Battery
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Practicability of Grid Connected Wind Energy Systems :
 Site should have average annual wind speed > 4.5 m/s
 Electricity supply by local power utility grid is expensive
 Requirement of local electric power utility grid are not prohibitively expensive
 Should have good incentive for sale of excess electricity / purchase of wind mill
Minimum protection Systems for Grid Connected Systems :
 Under / Over voltage and frequency protection
 Over current and Earth fault protection
 Load unbalance protection
 Differential Protection for grid connected transformer
 Capacitor bank protection
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Offshore and Onshore Wind turbines
Onshore Wind Turbines Offshore Wind Turbines
Requires cheaper foundation, Easily Installing offshore turbines are much more
integrated with electrical grid network complex and costly

More obstacles to wind, suitable for small Very less obstacles to wind, suitable for
and medium turbines large turbines
Negative visual impact on Noise Noise pollution is not a factor
Affected by wind turbulence and wind shear Less affected by turbulence and wind shear

Limited availability of land No land limitation to install offshore turbine

Operation and maintenance cost is less Operation and maintenance cost is more

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Small HAWT :
 Tower Structure

 Rotor

 Nacelle

 Generator

 Speed Control Mechanism

 Yaw Control

Capacity : Up to 25Kw

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Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) is an important factor in the wind turbine.

• The TSR refers to the ratio between the speed of the tips of the wind turbine blades and the wind

speed.

• The TSR is related to efficiency, the higher tip speed gives higher noise levels and require strong

blades.

• For three blades, the optimum TSR is around 4 to 5.

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Types of Rotors :

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Specification of typical Small HAWT
Rated Power : 25 Kw at 10 m/s wind speed
Rotor Diameter : 10 m
Estimated Capacity Factor (CF) : 0.25

Estimated Capacity Factor : Average Power / Rated Power (Like ava. efficiency)

Annual Energy Production : AEP = C.F. * Rated Power * No of Hrs in a year

Good Location : Ava. CF should be 32 – 45 % (Maxico reported 50%)

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Small VAWT :

• Capacity : Up to 25Kw

• Vertical Axis for Turbine.

Types of Rotors :

• Savonious Rotor : Working/Advantages/Disadvantages

• Darrieus Rotor : Working/Advantages/Disadvantages

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Savonious Rotor

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 Tip Speed Ratio = 1

Advantages:
• Simple in Construction
• Low Noise
• Reduced wear of moving parts
• Maintenance is easy
Disadvantages:
• Heavy due to metal blades.
• Angle of Attack varies rapidly.
Application:
• Water Pumping
• As an Anemometers
• Used as Advertising Signs
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Darrieus Rotor

• Not Self Starting

• Requires Initial Torque

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Advantages:
• All necessary output accessories are at ground level.
• Rotor can take wind in any direction.

Disadvantages:
• Starting torque is minimum almost zero, motor is required to start
• Angle of Attack varies rapidly.
• Bending Moment in rotor shaft.

Application:
• Used with Grid Connected/off Grid Connected.
• Water Pumping, heating or Cooling etc.

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Maintenance:

• Maintenance action is, nothing but, the prescribed operative process to correct an equipment
failure, when the equipment fails to operate.
• The wind turbines are typically designed to operate for a period of 20 years.
• Usually, the manufacturer provides warranty to cover repair and replacement cost in the initial
period of 2 to 5 years.
• Over the expiry of this period, various subsystems need to be maintained to avoid breakdown
of machine.

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Maintenance:

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SCADA :
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

• Group of Turbines Linked with this System

• Performance Information, Engineering Data

• Live Graphical and Statical Information on all machines

• Temp. and other related functional Outputs are monitored to understand the causes

• It is used along with Control unit of Turbine

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