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Research Methods - Types of Research

The document defines research and discusses different types of research including basic vs applied research, quantitative vs qualitative research, experimental vs non-experimental research, and exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. It also covers the stages of the research process and common research methods.

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37 views30 pages

Research Methods - Types of Research

The document defines research and discusses different types of research including basic vs applied research, quantitative vs qualitative research, experimental vs non-experimental research, and exploratory, descriptive, and causal research. It also covers the stages of the research process and common research methods.

Uploaded by

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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WHAT IS RESEARCH?

TYPES OF RESEARCH
2021
Learning objectives

 Understand what research is


 Identify different types of research
What is research?
 Search
 Research
Research is …

 A scientific way of answering questions and


testing hypotheses
 a systematic, controlled, and critical investigation of
natural phenomena guided by theory and hypotheses about
the presumed relations among phenomena
(Kerlinger,1986).
 A systematic process of inquiry consisting of three
elements or components:
• A question, problem, or hypothesis
• Data
• Analysis and interpretation of data
Research …

1. is directed to solve a problem.


2. generates generalization, principles, or theories.
3. is based upon observable experience or empirical evidence.
4. demands accurate observation and description.
5. involves gathering new data from primary sources or existing
data for a new purpose.
6. is systematic and applies rigorous analysis.
7. requires expertise.
8. strives to be objective and logical.
9. is characterized by patient and unhurried activity.
10. requires courage (Aquino,1992, pp. 4-6).
Features
 Academic and intellectual work
 Systematic and critical investigation in the field of
knowledge to establish facts or principles
 An approach to a subject or interpretation of facts
 Revision of accepted laws or theories in the light of
discovery of new facts
 Practical application of new or revised conclusions or
theories or laws
Importance of Research
1. Improves quality of life
2. Improves instruction
3. Improves students’ achievement
4. Satisfies man’s needs
5. Reduces the burden of work
6. Has deep-seated psychological aspects
7. Improves the exportation of food products
(Calmorin & Calmorin, 1995, pp. 5-8)
Types of Research

 #1:
– Basic research – Applied research
 #2:
– Quantitative research – Qualitative research
 #3:
– Experimental research – Nonexperimental research
 Pure/ Basic research: Involves developing and testing theories
and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the
researcher but may or may not have practical application at the
present time or in the future. The knowledge produced through
pure research is sought in order to add to the existing body of
research methods.
 Applied research: Applied Research is done to solve specific,
practical questions; for policy formulation, administration and
understanding of a phenomenon. It can be exploratory, but is
usually descriptive. It is almost always done on the basis of
basic research
Objectives in undertaking the research

-descriptive
-causal
-exploratory
Descriptive research
 Descriptive research attempts to describe systematically a
situation, problem, phenomenon, service or program, or
provides information about , say, living condition of a
community, or describes attitudes towards an issue.
 Descriptive research refers to research that provides an
accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular
individual, situation, or group.
Descriptive research, also known as statistical research.
Descriptive studies are a means of
• discovering new meaning,
• describing what exists,
• determining the frequency with which something occurs, and
categorizing information.
Descriptive research deals with everything that can be counted
and studied, which has an impact of the lives of the people it deals
with.
For example, finding the most frequent mistakes that students
often made in writing. The reader of the research will know what
are the mistakes and what to do to avoid the mistakes thus,
students can improve their writing skill.
Correlational research
Correlational research refers to the systematic investigation or
statistical study of relationships among two or more variables,
without necessarily determining cause and effect.
For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening to music lowers
blood pressure levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
• Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to music
and then compare the blood pressuress levels
• Survey – ask people how they feel ? How often they listen? And
then compare
Explanatory research

Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a


relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or
phenomenon.
Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where
little is known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a
particular research study (feasibility study / pilot study).
In practice most studies are a combination of all the three
categories
Inquiry mode employed

- Structuredapproach
- Unstructured approach
Structured approach:

The structured approach to inquiry is usually classified as


-Quantitative research.
Here everything that forms the research process- objectives,
design, sample, and the questions that you plan to ask of
respondents- is predetermined
It is more appropriate to determine the extent of a problem,
issue or phenomenon by quantifying the variation.
Unstructured approach:
The unstructured approach to inquiry is usually classified as
qualitative research.
This approach allows flexibility in all aspects of the research
process.
It is more appropriate to explore the nature of a problem, issue or
phenomenon without quantifying it.
Main objective is to describe the variation in a phenomenon,
situation or attitude.
In many studies you have to combine both qualitative and
quantitative approaches.
Types of research

 Primary research
 Secondary research
Types of research

 Experimental research
 Ethnography
 Case study
Types of Research

Exploratory Research:
 undertaken with the aim of clarifying ambiguous problems
 general problems usually known but not sufficiently understood
 the purpose is to get more information, not to uncover specific
courses of action (subsequent research)

Determining a specific course of action to follow is not a purpose


of exploratory research!
Example: Child-Care support programme for employees
Types of Research

Descriptive Research
 undertaken with the aim of determining the characteristics of a population
or phenomenon
 Previous knowledge of problem exists
 High degree of precision or accuracy required

Examples:
Who are the main consumers of organic foods?
How many students read the prescribed course literature?
Where do most holiday-makers travelling overseas go?
When do petrol stations tend to raise their prices?
Types of Research

Causal Research
 undertaken with the aim of identifying cause and effect
relationships amongst variables
 are normally preceeded by exploratory and descriptive research
studies
 Often difficult to determine because of the influence of other
variables (concommitant Variation and the presence of other
hidden variables)

Example: Frequent practice of pronunciation results in natural


speaking (indicative of a causal relationship?)
Stages in the Research Process

Define
Problem

Planning a Conclusions
Research Design and Report

Planning Processing and


a Sample Analysing the Data

Gathering
the Data
Flowcharting the Research Process (1)

Problem Discovery

Selection of Secondary (historical) data


exploratory Pilot Study
research technique Experience Survey
Case Study

Problem Definition
(Statement of research objectives)

Survey (Interview, Questionnaire)


Selection of Experiment (Laboratory, Field)
basic research Secondary Data Study
method Observation
Flowcharting the Research Process (2)

Survey (Interview, Questionnaire)


Experiment (Laboratory, Field) Collection of Data (Fieldwork)
Secondary Data Study
Observation
Editing and Coding Data

Sample Design
Data Processing and Analysis

Probability Non-Probability Interpretation of Findings


Sampling Sampling

Report
Research methods – Research Methodology
 Research Methods constitute a part of research methodology.
 The scope of research methodology is wider than that of research
methods.
 Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the
research problem.
 It is the logic behind the methods we use in the context of our
research and explain: – Why , how , in what way, what data, why
a particular technique of analysing the data has been used, etc.

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