Heterozygous Tall Purple Flower Hybrid Tall Purple Flower

TtRr TtRr
TR Tr tR tr x TR Tr tR tr

TR Tr tR tr
What is the probability the
TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr offspring will be?
TR
Tall Purple? 9
TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr
Tr Tall White? 3

TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr Short Purple? 1

tR
Short White ? 3
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
 Non-Mendelian Traits

(Mendelian Exceptions)

Incomplete Dominance
&
Co-Dominance
 Incomplete Dominance
 The trait does not have a completely dominant
allele, and a cross between organisms with two
different phenotypes results in a third phenotype.

 Heterozygous offspring display a third

phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits
Ex: Red (RR) x White (WW)
Offspring: Pink (RW)
 EX: If a homozygous red flowered snap dragon plant (RR)
is crossed with a homozygous white flowered snap
dragon plant (WW), all of the offspring will have pink
flowers.

RED flower x WHITE flower  PINK

flower

RW RW

RW RW
 In another flower, if red ____ and blue ____
flowers are crossed, they produce a 3rd purple
flower (RB).

What would be the genotype ratio and

phenotype ratio if you crossed two purple
flowers?
Cross of two purple flowers
RB RB
____ X ____
What are gamete possibilities?
genotype ratio
1RR : 2RB : 1BB
phenotype ratio R B
1red : 2 purple : 1 blue RR RB
R
Can you have a red purple
heterozygous red or no BB
B RB
hybrid blue flower? ___ purple blue
 Codominance
 The trait does not have only one
dominant allele, but has two or more
dominant alleles. When both are
present, the individual displays both
traits at the same time.
 Parents: Red (RR) x Blue (BB)
 Heterozygous Offspring: RB –
red and blue striped
EXAMPLE: If a homozygous red flowered snap dragon plant (RR) is
crossed with a homozygous white flowered snap dragon plant (WW), all
of the offspring will have red and white flowers.
RED flower x WHITE flower  RED & WHITE flower
 Human Codominance

EX: SICKLE-CELL RED BLOOD

CELLS

• An individual who is heterozygous for Normal

Sickle cell
red blood
sickle-cell alleles will express BOTH cell
normal and abnormal shaped blood cells

• Normal RBC are disk shaped and

abnormal are half moon or sickle
shaped.

• Abnormally shaped blood cells slow

blood flow, block vessels, and result in
tissue damage and pain.
BLOOD TYPES

Blood type is determined by multiple alleles. This means

there are more than two types of alleles possible that can
make up a pairing.
Allele A: red blood cells produce A antigens (protein)
on the outside of the cell
Allele is expressed IA because it is co-dominant
Allele B: red blood cells produce B antigens (protein)
on the outside of the cell
Allele is expressed IB because it is co-dominant
Allele 0: red blood cells will NOT produce an antigen
(protein)
Allele is expressed i because it is recessive
 BLOOD TYPING
 Blood types are A, B, O, and AB.
 AB blood is a co-dominant trait.
 Both the A blood and the B blood need to be
dominant in order to make a combination of co-
dominant blood types, which is AB.
i
 IA IA IA
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
IA IB IA IB IA IB IB i
 IB
IB
 I IB
IA i ii
 IA IB IA IB
i
IB
 I i
 BLOOD TYPES
• 4 ABO blood types
•3 alleles of the I gene
IA = A antigen on RBC
IB = B antigen on RBC
i = neither A nor B antigen
Genotype Blood type Antibody
IAIA or IAi A Anti – B
IBIB or IBi B Anti – A
IAIB AB None
O Anti – A, Anti – B
ii
• If given a blood transfusion of the
wrong blood type, some types are
incompatible and the red blood
cells will clump together / clot
causing death.

• Your immune system (antibodies)

recognize the red blood cells
belonging to you. If cells with a
different type of antigen enter
your body, your immune system
will attack them.
 Multiple Alleles
There are four different phenotype blood groups:
A, B, O, & AB
They are produced by three different
alleles: A, B, and O
Phenotype All Genotypes Possible
Which ones are homozygous?
Type A (Dominant) IAIA (AA), IAi (AO)
Which ones are heterozygous?

Type B (Dominant) IBIB (BB), IBi (BO)

Type AB IAIB (AB)

(Codominant)
Type O ii (OO)
(recessive)
 UNIVERSAL DONOR
AND
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
BLOOD GENOTYP CAN RECIVE
TYPE E BLOOD FROM

A IAIA , IAi A, O

B I BI B , I Bi B, O

AB IAIB A, B, AB, O

O ii O
SEX LINKAGE
Genes linked to the sex
chromosomes
 LINKED GENES

 Genes for different characters inherited as if they were a sing

character

 These genes are called LINKED GENES

 That is the LOCI for these genes are linked on the same
chromosome.
 Characters associated with
gender
Anhiorotic ectodermal dysplasia
• Small teeth, no sweat glands, sparse body
hair
• Occurs primarily in men
• Never transmitted from father to son
• Unaffected daughters may pass the condition
onto their sons (the grandsons).
 Sex linkage explained

Thomas Hunt Morgan

in
The Fly Room!
(Columbia University 1910)
 Sex linkage explained
Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
 Drosophila characteristics
sex comb on the
tarsus of a fore
leg

Female wild type Male vestigial wing

 The case of the white-eyed mutant

Character Traits
Eye colour Red eye (wild type)
White eye (mutant)

P Phenotypes
Wild type (red-eyed) female x White-eyed male

F1 Phenotypes All red-eyed

Red eye is dominant to white eye.

 Hypothesis

A cross between the F1 flies should give us: 3 red eye :

1 white eye

F2 Phenotypes Red eye White eye

Numbers 3470 782

82% 18%

So far so good…
 An interesting observation
F2 Phenotypes Red- Red- White- White-
eyed eyed eyed eyed
males females males females

Numbers 1011 2459 782 0

24% 58% 18% 0%
 A RECIPROCAL CROSS

Morgan tried the cross the other way round

white-eyed female x red-eyed male

Result
All red-eyed females and all white-eyed males

This confirmed what Morgan suspected

The gene for eye colour is linked to the X chromosome.
 A TEST CROSS

Phenotypes F1 Red-eyed female x White-eyed male

Expected result
50% red-eyed offspring : 50% white-eyed offspring
Regardless of the sex

Observed Results
Red-eyed Red-eyed White-eyed White-eyed
Males Females Males Females

132 129 86 88
 Genetic diagram for sex linked genes
Character Trait Alleles
Eye colour Red eye R
White eye r

Genotypes Phenotypes
XRXR
XRXr
X rX r
XRY
X rY
 Genetic diagrams for sex linked genes
Character Trait Alleles
Eye colour Red eye R
White eye r

Genotypes Phenotypes
XRXR Red-eyed female
XRXr Red-eyed female
X rX r White-eyed female
XRY Red-eyed male
X rY White-eyed male
 Genetic diagrams for sex linked genes

P Phenotypes Wild type x White-eyed

(red-eyed) male
female
Genotypes XRXR XrY

Gametes XR XR Xr Y
Fertilisation Xr Y
XR X RX r X RY
XR X RX r X RY
 Genetic diagrams for sex linked genes

F1 Phenotypes Red-eyed x Red-eyed

female male

Genotypes XRXr XRY

Gametes XR Xr XR Y

Fertilization XR Y
XR X RX R X RY
Xr X RX r XrY
F2 Phenotypes Females Males

Red- White- Red- White-

eyed eyed eyed eyed

Expected All None 50% 50%

Observed 2459 0 1011 782

This gene has its LOCUS on the X-chromosome

It is said to be SEX-LINKED.
X-Linked Color Blindness in Humans

• Human eye detects only three colors—red, green

and blue
• Affected woman passes the X-linked recessive trait
to her sons but not to her daughters
• Affected man passes the trait to his grandsons
through his daughters but never to his sons
• Pattern of inheritance exhibited by X-linked recessive
characteristics is sometimes called crisscross
inheritance
 Colourblindness
Result from a defect in one of three genes found on X
chromosome

Colour blind simulation

 LIGHT
The retina

Optic
nerve
fibres Ganglion layer

Bipolar cells
(neurones)
Synapse layer
Rod cell
Nuclear layer

Inner segments packed with

Cone
mitochondria
cell
Rod and cone outer
segments
Red–green color blindness is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait in humans
Possible
Inheritance of
Colorblindness
Allele
 CARRIER
an individual that has two alleles, one damaged one
and one regular
 Parents
Normal Normal
Aa Aa

Sperm

A a

Eggs
AA Aa
A Normal Normal
(carrier)

Aa
a Normal aa
(carrier) Albino
ASSIGNMENT!
1. In a certain case a woman’s blood type was tested to
be AB. She married and her husbands blood type was
type A. Their children have blood types A, AB, and B.
What are the genotypes of the parents? What are the
genotypic ratios of the children?

2. In a certain breed of cow the gene for red fur, R, is

codominant with that of white fur, W. What would be
the phenotypic & genotypic ratios of the offspring if
you breed a red cow and a white bull? What would
they be if you breed a red & white cow with a red &
white bull?
End slide for the
lesson
GENETICS!