LEARNING

OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
•Describe the forces between magnets,
and between magnets and magnetic Explain that magnetic forces are due to
materials interactions between magnetic fields
• Give an account of induced magnetism
• Distinguish between magnetic and non-
magnetic materials
• Describe methods of magnetisation, to • Describe methods of demagnetisation, to
include stroking with a magnet, use of include hammering, heating and use of a.c. in
d.c. in a coil and hammering in a a coil
magnetic field
• Draw the pattern of magnetic field
lines around a bar magnet
• Describe an experiment to identify
the pattern of magnetic field lines,
including the direction
• Distinguish between the magnetic
properties of soft iron and steel
• Distinguish between the design and
use of permanent magnets and
electromagnets
Magnetism
 Imagine a world without
• Talking on a telephone
• Watching TV
• Listening to a radio or CD
• Not being able to use anything that plugs
into a socket
 A magnet is any
material that attracts
iron or materials
containing iron.
Properties of Magnets
• All magnets have two poles
• Magnets exert forces on each
other
• Magnets are surrounded by a
magnetic field
All Magnets have Two Poles
If a magnet is broke in half,
each half gains a new pole
 Magnetic Poles
• Two types interacting with each other
– north pole (north-seeking pole)
– south pole (south-seeking pole)

Rule for magnetic forces between magnetic

poles:
• Like poles repel; opposite poles attract.

Ch24: Magnetism 10
Magnetic Poles

Ch24: Magnetism 11
Distributed Summarizing
A magnet is similar to
electric charges
_____________________
because both exert forces
______________
on each other and
are surrounded by a
field.
Magnets Exert Forces on Each Other
• The force can either push the
magnets apart or pull them
together

• The magnetic force between

magnets depends on how the
poles of the magnets line up.
Like poles repel, and opposite
poles attract
 Examining
the Magnetic
Field- Iron
Filings demo
 Magnetic Fields
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/discoveries
-projects/discoveries/magnetic-fields/p/magnet-an
d-iron-filings
Magnets are surrounded by a Magnetic Field
• The shape of a magnetic field can be
shown with lines drawn from the north
pole of a magnet to the south pole as
shown in the diagram below
• Magnetic field lines show both the
direction and the strength of a bar’s
magnetic field
Magnets are surrounded by a Magnetic Field
• The closer together the lines, the
stronger the field
• The lines around a magnet are
closest together at the poles
because that’s where the magnetic
force is strongest
 Opposites Attract
Field lines that curve toward each
other show attraction.
TOP LEFT ON NOTES BOTTOM ON NOTES
 Likes Repel
Field lines that curve away from
each other show repulsion.
TOP RIGHT ON NOTES
 Field Lines in a
Horseshoe Magnet
 Magnetic Poles
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

A weak and strong magnet repel each other. The

greater repelling force is by the

A. stronger magnet.
B. weaker magnet.
C. Both the same.
D. None of the above.

Ch24: Magnetism 24
 Magnetic Poles
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

A weak and strong magnet repel each other. The

greater repelling force is by the

A. stronger magnet.
B. weaker magnet.
C. Both the same.
D. None of the above.

Explanation:
Remember Newton’s third law!
Ch24: Magnetism 25
The Cause of Magnetism
 The Cause of Magnetism
• As electrons in atoms move around, a magnetic field is
generated. The atom will then have a north and south
pole.
• The atoms group together in tiny areas called domains.
Each domain is like a tiny magnet.
• In most materials, such as copper and aluminum, the
magnetic fields cancel each other out because the
domains are randomly oriented (as shown below)
 The Cause of Magnetism
• In materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt
(ferromagnetic elements), the north and south poles of
the atoms in a domain line up and make a strong
magnetic field (as shown in the diagram below)
• The arrangement of domains in an object determines
whether the object is magnetic
 Magnetic Domains
• Difference between permanent magnet
and temporary magnet
• Permanent magnet
– alignment of domains remains once
external magnetic field is removed
• Temporary magnet
– alignment of domains returns to random
arrangement once external magnetic
field is removed
Ch24: Magnetism 29
Magnetic Domains

Ch24: Magnetism 30
 Losing Alignment
• The domains of a magnet may not
always stay lined up
• When domains move, the magnet
is demagnetized, or loses it
magnetic properties
• What are some ways you think a
magnet might be demagnetized?
 Losing Alignment
Ways to demagnetize (move domains)
• Dropping a magnet or hitting it too
hard
• Putting the magnet in a strong
magnetic field that is opposite to its
own
• Increasing the temperature of a magnet
(in higher temperatures, atoms vibrate
faster so they may no longer line up)
 Magnetic Field
• Region of magnetic influence surrounding
magnet
• Magnetic field lines are closed loops
• By convention, direction is from the north pole
to the south pole, produced by motions of
electric charge in atoms

33
 Magnetic Field
• Strength indicated by closeness of the lines
– lines close together  strong magnetic field
– lines farther apart  weak magnetic field

Ch24: Magnetism 34
 Compasses
• The needle is a small magnet
• The Earth’s magnetic field exerts a force
on the needle, causing it to rotate.
• The fields line up with each other
• The compass needle does not point
directly toward the poles of a magnet-
instead, the needle aligns with field lines
and points in the directions of the filed
lines.
The Earth behaves as if it has a bar magnet
running through its center (due to molten
iron and nickel in outer core). The poles of
this imaginary magnet are located near
Earth’s geographic poles.

Earth’s magnetic
field protects
Earth from charged
particles
emitted by the Sun.
 Magnetic Fields
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Where magnetic field lines are more dense, the field there
is

A. weaker.
B. stronger.
C. Both A and B.
D. Neither A nor B.

Ch24: Magnetism 42
 Magnetic Fields
CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Where magnetic field lines are more dense, the field there
is

A. weaker.
B. stronger.
C. Both A and B.
D. Neither A nor B.

Ch24: Magnetism 43
 Re-Cap
• All magnets have two poles, north and south.
• Magnets exert forces on each other, push or
pull
(like poles repel, opposite poles attract).
• Magnets are surrounded by a magnetic field.
• The magnetic force is the greatest at each
pole of a magnet.
• What makes an object magnetic? How the
groups of atoms (domains) are arranged:
-domains are lined up- magnetic
-domains are randomly oriented-
unmagnetic