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Chapter 6 - Type of Scale

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Chapter 6 - Type of Scale

Uploaded by

hairi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

8-1

8-2

Primary Scales of Measurement


i. Nominal Scale
ii. Ordinal Scale
iii. Interval Scale
iv. Ratio Scale
8-3

TYPES OF SCALE ….

What next…… What is a scale?

Once you have operationalized your A scale is a tool or mechanism used


concepts/variables now you need to to differentiate individuals and
measure them. examine how they are different from
one another on the variable in your
study
This can be done by using scales.

What is a scale?
8-4

PRIMARY SCALES OF MEASUREMENT:


AN INTRODUCTION

Scale Type Finish


Nominal Numbers
Assigned 7 8 3
to Runners

Ordinal Rank Order Finish


of Winners Third Second First
place place place

Interval Performance 8.2 9.1 9.6


Rating on a

0 to 10 Scale

Ratio Time to 15.2 14.1 13.4


Finish, in
Seconds
8-5

PRIMARY SCALES OF MEASUREMENT


NOMINAL SCALE

 The numbers serve only as labels or tags for identifying and classifying
objects.

 Allows researcher to assign subjects to categories or groups. Example for


the variable GENDER: TWO categories can be formed – MALE and
FEMALE. MALE can be coded as 1 and FEMALE as 2. These numbers have
no instrinsic value BUT only identifies the category it represents.

 The numbers do not reflect the amount of the characteristic possessed by


the objects.

 Categories formed should be mutually exclusive (no overlapping) and


collectively exhaustive.
8-6

NOMINAL SCALE CONTD…

 When used for identification, there is a strict one-to-one correspondence


between the numbers and the objects.

 The only permissible operation on the numbers in a nominal scale is


counting.

 Only a limited number of statistics, all of which are based on frequency


counts, are permissible, e.g., percentages, and mode.

 Thus nominal scale only gives basic, categorical gross information.


8-7

PRIMARY SCALES OF MEASUREMENT


ORDINAL SCALE

 An ordinal scale differentiates categorizes and rank-orders the categories in some


meaningful way.

 In a ranking scale numbers are assigned to objects to indicate the relative extent to
which the objects possess some characteristic. For example form BEST, GOOD,
AVERAGE, BELOW AVERAGE to WORST with numbers assigned from 1, 2 and so
on… till 5.

 Numbers assigned can determine whether an object has more or less of a


characteristic than some other object, but not how much more or less.

 Any series of numbers can be assigned that preserves the ordered relationships
between the objects.

 In addition to the counting operation allowable for nominal scale data, ordinal
scales permit the use of statistics based on centiles, e.g., percentile, quartile,
median.
8-8

ORDINAL SCALE CONTD…

• EXAMPLE: Please indicate your current CGPA:


A) >3.5 [ ] {very high}
B) 3.00-3.5 [ ] {high}
C) 2.00-2.99 [ ] {average}
D) < 2.00 [ ] {low}
The ordinal scale will tell researchers the percentage of respondents with different
academic performance level.

Any series of numbers can be assigned that preserves the ordered relationships
between the objects.

In addition to the counting operation allowable for nominal scale data, ordinal scales
permit the use of statistics based on centiles, e.g., percentile, quartile, median.
8-9

PRIMARY SCALES OF MEASUREMENT


INTERVAL SCALE

 Interval scale enables the distance between any TWO points on a


scale to be measured.

 For example 5 [SA], 4 [A], 3 [N], 2 [D], 1 [SD]


Thus, interval scale enables researcher to:
(i) group individuals according to certain categories,
(ii) taps the order of the groups and
(iii) measures the magnitude of the differences among the individuals

 Numerically equal distances on the scale represent equal values in


the characteristic being measured.

 It permits comparison of the differences between objects.


8-10

INTERVAL SCALE CONTD …

 The location of the zero point is not fixed. Both the


zero point and the units of measurement are arbitrary.

 Statistical techniques that may be used include all of


those that can be applied to nominal and ordinal data,
and in addition the arithmetic mean, standard
deviation, and other statistics commonly used in
business research.
8-11

PRIMARY SCALES OF MEASUREMENT


RATIO SCALE

 Possesses all the properties of the nominal, ordinal,


and interval scales.

 It has an absolute zero point.

 It is meaningful to compute ratios of scale values.

 All statistical techniques can be applied to ratio data.


8-12

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio


Scale Scale Scale Scale
Preference Preference $ spent last
No. Store Rankings Ratings
3 months 1-7 1-17
7 79 5 15 0
1. Lord & Taylor 2 25 7 17 200
2. Macy’s 8 82 4 14 0
3. Kmart 3 30 6 16 100
4. Rich’s 1 10 7 17 250
5. J.C. Penney 5 53 5 15 35
6. Neiman Marcus 9 95 4 14 0
7. Target 6 61 5 15 100
8. Saks Fifth Avenue 4 45 6 16 0
9. Sears 10 115 2 12 10
10.Wal-Mart
8-13

PRIMARY SCALES OF
MEASUREMENT: SUMMARY
Sca le Ba sic Com m on Ma rke ting Pe rm issible Sta tistics
Cha ra cte ristics Ex a m ple s Ex a m ple s Descriptive Inferential
Nom ina l Numbers identify Social Security Brand nos., store Percentages, Chi-square,
& classify objects nos., numbering types mode binomial test
of football players
Ordina l Nos. indicate the Quality rankings, Preference Percentile, Rank-order
relative positions rankings of teams rankings, market median correlation,
of objects but not in a tournament position, social Friedman
the magnitude of class ANOVA
differences
between them
Inte rva l Differences Temperature Attitudes, Range, mean, Product-
between objects (Fahrenheit) opinions, index standard moment
Ra tio Zero point is fixed, Length, weight Age, sales, Geometric Coefficient of
ratios of scale income, costs mean, harmonic variation
values can be mean
compared

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