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04 Electron Configuration

The document discusses electron configuration and quantum numbers. It explains how electrons fill atomic orbitals based on energy levels and quantum numbers. The four quantum numbers are principal number, angular momentum, magnetic, and spin. Electron configuration can be used to explain periodic properties.

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27 views25 pages

04 Electron Configuration

The document discusses electron configuration and quantum numbers. It explains how electrons fill atomic orbitals based on energy levels and quantum numbers. The four quantum numbers are principal number, angular momentum, magnetic, and spin. Electron configuration can be used to explain periodic properties.

Uploaded by

Rhyza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electron Configuration

Bohr Model of ● Neils Bohr built upon Rutherford’s solar system


model of the atom.
the Atom ● Based upon studies of light emissions from
atoms, Bohr concluded that the atom had a
central nucleus with electrons occupying specific
quantized energy levels, n.
● Quantized: restricting the number of possible values so that
certain variables can only be multiples of a common factor.
● e.g.) there are 7 energy levels for electrons n = 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, & 7. There is no level such as 1.5 or 4.6 or 5.25
etc.
Bohr Model of
the Atom
Quantum ● Werner Heisenberg proved that we can never know
both the momentum and position of an electron in
Model of an an atom. (The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle)
Atom ● Therefore, we shouldn't view electrons as moving
in well-defined orbits about the nucleus.

● Erwin Schrodinger derived a set of equations or


wave functions in 1926 for electrons.
● only the probability of where an e - could be can be
described.
● the distributions of these probabilities formed regions of
space about the nucleus were called orbitals.
● Orbitals could be described as e - density clouds.
Electron ● The wave function of each electron can be described
as a set of four quantum numbers:
Quantum ● n = Principal number: describes the energy level.
Numbers ● l = Angular momentum: orbital shape
● (The l values 0, 1, 2, and 3 correspond to s,
p, d, and f orbitals, respectively.)
● ml = Magnetic: its orientation in space.
● ms = Spin: direction of electron spin
Summary of Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms

Name Symbol Permitted Values Property


principal n positive integers(1,2,3,…) orbital energy (size)
angular l integers from 0 to (n -1) orbital shape (The l values
momentum 0, 1, 2, and 3 correspond to
s, p, d, and f orbitals,
magnetic respectively.)
integers from -l to 0 to +l orbital orientation
ml

spin ms +1/2 or -1/2 direction of e- spin


Electron ● Pauli Exclusion Principle:
Quantum ● no two e- in an atom can have the same four
quantum numbers.
Numbers ● Result: an orbital can hold a maximum of 2
electrons
Electron l = Angular momentum: orbital shape
● (The l values 0, 1, 2, and 3 correspond to s, p, d, and f
Quantum orbitals, respectively.)
Numbers
● The orbitals have different shapes and maximum
numbers at any level:
● s (sharp): spherical (max = 1)
● p (principal): dumb-bell shaped (max = 3)
● d (diffuse): four-lobe-shaped (max = 5)
● f (fundamental): six-lobe shaped (max = 7)
Electron s orbital
Quantum
Numbers
Electron p orbitals
Quantum
Numbers
Electron d orbitals
Quantum
Numbers
Electron f orbitals
Quantum
Numbers
Electron
Quantum ● Orbital occupancy for the first 10
Numbers elements, H through Ne.
Electron ● Energy of electron
Quantum orbitals
Numbers
Electron ● Fill electrons into lower energy levels first
● Follow order of filling
Configuration ● Remember how many electrons each level can
hold:
● s capacity = 2
● p capacity = 6
● d capacity = 10
● f capacity = 14
Periodic Table
Patterns
Periodic Table
Patterns
Trends in ● The physical and chemical behavior of the
elements is based on the electron configurations
Some of their atoms.
Periodic
Properties ● e- configurations can be used to explain many of
the repeating or “periodic” properties of the
elements
● Fill electrons into lower energy levels first
Electron ● Follow order of filling
Configura
Sodium: 11 electrons
tion 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Barium: 56 electrons
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2

Plutonium: 94 electrons
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f6
Electron ● Aufbau Diagram
Configuration ● (Order of Filling)
● Guides the placement of electrons in the
sublevel orbitals.
Electron ● Fill electrons into lower energy levels first
● Follow order of filling
Configuration ● Remember how many electrons each level can
hold:
● s capacity = 2
● p capacity = 6
● d capacity = 10
● f capacity = 14
● Shows each orbital as a box or line to be filled in.
Orbital 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz
Diagrams
● Lithium = 3 electrons (shown above)
● Follow order of filling.

● Pauli Exclusion Principle: two electrons can occupy the same orbital
only by having opposite spin indicated by ↑ and ↓.
● Hund’s Rule: Do not pair electrons in degenerate orbitals until
necessary.
● Unpaired electrons have the same spin.

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