LITE LECTURE

LESSON 1:INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

LESSON 2: HISTORY OF COMPUTER –BASIC COMPUTING

PERIOD
LESSON OBJECTIVE
 Aftersuccessful completion of this module, the student
can be able to;
 Demonstrate a sense of readiness for the upcoming
semester;
 Identifytheir learning outcomes and expectations for
the course;
 Recognize their capacity to create new understandings
from reflecting on the course;
 Know the role and importance of ICT.
HISTORY OF ICT

ICT, or information and communications

technology (or technologies), is the
infrastructure and components that enable
modern computing.
Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives

Communication
Job Opportunities
Education
Socializing
COMMUNICATION

We all know that ICT take a major role for us by means of communicating, way
back in the past our parents use to make letter and send it via post mail. But now with the
help of ICT it is easier to communicate with our love ones. We can use cellular phones that
design for communicating with other people even they are miles away far from you.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES

In the employment sector, ICT enables organizations to operate more

efficiently, so employing staff with ICT skills is vital to the smooth running of
any business. Being able to use ICT systems effectively allows employees more
time to concentrate on areas of their job role that require soft skills.
EDUCATION

 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) can impact student

learning when teachers are digitally literate and understand how to integrate it into
curriculum.
 Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate,
store, and manage information.(6) In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to
the teaching- learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards
with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other
devices for learning during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where
students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more
interactive exercises.
SOCIALIZING

Social media has changed the world. The rapid and vast adoption of these
technologies is changing how we find partners, how we access information from
the news, and how we organize to demand political change.
Impact of ICT in The Society
 Positive impacts of Information and Communication Technology
 Access to information
 Improved access to education
 New tools, new opportunities:
 Communication:
 Information management:
 Security:
 ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide, society.
 Distance learning
 ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ experiments’ by using
simulations.
 Creation of new more interesting jobs.
Negative impacts of Information and
Communication Technology

 Job loss
 Reduced personal interaction:
 Reduced physical activity:
 Cost:
A lot of ICT hardware and software is
expensive
 Competition
MODULE 2: HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS

Lesson Objective:

 Gain familiarity of the different discoveries during the

different periods.
 Learn different inventors and discoveries during electro-
mechanical age that lead to the inventors of today’s
technology.
 Identify different technologies and their improvement
during the different generations.
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER

 Computer is a programmable machine.

 Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the
ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
 Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions
(program).
 Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of
computations or calculations.
THREE PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER

• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.

• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives


 Banking and Finance
Business
 Education  Transport
 Healthcare  Navigation
 Retail and Trade  Working From Home
 Government  Military
 Marketing
 Social and Romance
 Science
 Booking Vacations
 Publishing

 Security and Surveillance
Arts and Entertainment
 Communication
 Weather Forecasting
 Robotics
1. BUSINESS

 Almost every business uses computers nowadays. They can be employed to store and
maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create presentations
and reports. They enable communication with people both within and outside the business,
using various technologies, including e-mail. They can be used to promote the business and
enable direct interaction with customers.
2. EDUCATION

 Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive exercises, and
remote learning, including tutoring over the internet. They can be used to access educational
information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books. They can be used to maintain
and monitor student performance, including through the use of online examinations, as well
as to create projects and assignments.
3. HEALTHCARE

 Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as digitized medical

information making it easier and access patient data, complex information can also be
analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of diseases.
Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure monitors. They
enable doctors to have greater access to information on the latest drugs, as well as the ability
to share information on diseases with other medical specialists.
4. RETAIL AND TRADE

 Computers can be used to buy and sell products online - this enables sellers to reach a wider
market with low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and choose delivery
preferences. They can be used for direct trading and advertising too, using sites such as eBay,
Craigslist, or local listings on social media or independent websites.
5. GOVERNMENT

 Various government departments use computers to improve the quality and efficiency of their
services. Examples include city planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism. Computers
can be used to store information, promote services, communicate internally and externally, as
well as for routine administrative purposes
6. MARKETING

 Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and
manipulation of data. They facilitate the creation of websites and promotional materials.
They can be used to generate social media campaigns. They enable direct communication
with customers through email and online chat.
7. SCIENCE

 Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. In science,
computers can be used for research, sharing information with other specialists both locally
and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data.
Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft, as
well as operating other advanced technology.
8. PUBLISHING

 Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. In science,
computers can be used for research, sharing information with other specialists both locally
and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data.
Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft, as
well as operating other advanced technology.
History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods

a. Tally sticks (the word "computer" was recorded in 1613

a. Abacus
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an
individual in performing mathematical calculations.
a. Napier’s Bones
 Invented by John Napier in 1614.
a. Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
a. Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
 Jacquard Loom (Punched Card)
 The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
1881.

a. Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
a. Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
j. Scheutzian Calculation Engine
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
functions.
• Based on chares Baggage’s difference engine
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 • The first printing calculator

• It is the first mechanical computer.

•Tabula
a

First Computer Programmer

In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that
he use the binary system.
She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
j. Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
j. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• The first electro-mechanical computer.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at
Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942.

j. Z1
j. ENIAC
 The first programmable computer. • ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.

 Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. • It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
 j. The First Portable Computer
• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
j. UNIVAC 1
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial
computer.
• Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

j. EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
Basic Computing Periods - Ages

 Premechanical
As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information
down, pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet
clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant.
Mechanical
when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its
ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between 1450 and
1840. A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large
explosion in interest with this area.
 Electromechanical
The telegraph was created in the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel
Morse in 1835. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication
ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed
by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894.
Electronic
the ENIAC and Mark 1. Also during this time high-level programming languages
were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL.
An actual operating system showed up around this time along with the advanced
programming language BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs
(central processing units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all
on a single chip. The personal computer was developed (Apple II).
History of Computer: Generations of Computer

 First generation – 1946 to 1958 - used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic
drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms
 Second generation – 1959 to 1964 - Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in
the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum
tubes.
 Third generation – 1965 to 1970 - integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors,
 Fourth generation – 1971 to Today - The microprocessor brought the fourth
generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon
chip.
 Fifth generation – Today to future - Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in
development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality. The