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Gathering Data Through Appropriate Instrument and Analytic Designs

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Keifer Layaog
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23 views

Gathering Data Through Appropriate Instrument and Analytic Designs

Uploaded by

Keifer Layaog
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GATHERING DATA THROUGH

APPROPRIATE INSTRUMENT
AND ANALYTIC DESIGNS
TYPES OF DATA COLLECTION:

PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION- is the gathering of raw data


collected at the source. It is a process of collecting the original data collected
by a researchers for a specific research purpose.

SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION- is referred to as the


gathering of second-hand data collected by an individual who is not the
original user.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD

• The qualitative research methods of data collection does not


involve the collection of data that involves numbers or a need to
be deduced through a mathematical calculation, rather it is based
on the non-quantifiable elements like the feeling or emotion of the
researcher.
 Experiments
 Surveys ( sample surveys or census surveys)
 Interview is a data collection strategy in which
participants are asked to talk about the area under
consideration.
STEPS FOR AN EFFECTIVE INTERVIEW:

• Prepare interview schedule


• Select subjects / key respondant
• Conduct the interview
• Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview
CLASSIFICATIONS:

• A. STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS: in this case, a set of pre-


decided questions are there.
• B. UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEWS: in this case, we don’t
follow a system of pre-determined questions.
• C. FOCUSED INTERVIEWS: attention is focused on the given
experience of the respondent and its possible effects.
• D. CLINICAL INTERVIEWS: concerned with broad
underlying feelings or motivations or with the course
• E. GROUP INTERVIEWS: a group of 6-8 individuals is
interviewed.
• F. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE INTERVIEWS:
divided on the basis of subject matter i.e., whether qualitative or
quantitative.
• G. INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEWS: interviewer meets a single
person and interviews him.
• H. SELEECTION INTERVIEWS: done for selection of people for
certain jobs.
OBSERVATION- is a method under which data from the
field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by
personally going to field. In the words of P.V. Young “ Observation
maybe defined as systematic viewing, coupled with consideration of
seen phenomenon”.
STEPS FOR AN EFFECTIVE OBSERVATION:

• Determine what needs to be observed


• Select participants
• Random/Selected
• Conduct the observation (venue, duration, recording materials, take
photographs)
• Compile data collected
• Analyze and interpret data collected
CLASSIFICATIONS

• A. STRUCTURED OBSERVATION. When the observation is characterized by a careful


definition of the units to be observed, the style of recording the observed information,
standardized conditions of observation and the selection of related data of observation.
• B. UNSTRUCTURED OBSERVATION. When it takes place without the above
characteristics.
• C. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION. Happens when the observer is member of the group
which he is observing.
• D. NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION. Occurs when observer is observing people
without giving any information to them.
QUESTIONNAIRE- is predefined set of questions,
assembled in a pre-determined order. It is handy when the
researcher is trying to collect information from large numbers of
people.
STEPS FOR AN EFFECTIVE QUESTIONNAIRE:

• Prepare questions (formulate and choose type of question, order


them, wright instructions, make copies)
• Select your respondents (random/selected)
• Administer the questionnaire (date, venue, time)
• Tabulate data collected
• Analyze and interpret data collected
CLASSIFICATIONS

• A. Open-ended Questions give the respondents the ability to


respond on their own words.
• B. Close-Ended or Fixed Alternatives Questions allow the
respondent to choose one of the given alternatives. . Types :-
Dichotomous questions and Multiple questions.
Schedules are very similar to Questionnaire method. The main difference
is that a schedule is filled by the enumerator who is specially appointed for
the purpose. Here the enumerator goes to the respondents, asks them the
questions from the questionnaire in the order listed, and records the
responses in the space provided. It is a must that the enumerator must be
trained in administering the schedule.
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

The data obtained through this method consists of word, pictures, symbols,
and observations. This type of analysis refers to the procedures and processes that
are utilized for the analysis of data to provide some level of understanding,
explanation or interpretation. Unlike the quantitative analysis, no statistical
approaches are used to collect and analyze this data. There are a variety of
approaches to collecting this type of data and interpreting it.
Qualitative data refers to non-numeric information such as interview transcripts,
notes, video and audio, recordings, images and text documents. Qualitative data
analysis can be divided into the following five categories:
1. CONTENT ANALYSIS. This refers to the process categorizing verbal or behavioural
data to calssify, summarized and tabulate data.

2. NARRATIVE ANALYSIS. This method involve the reformulation of stories presented


by respondents taking into account context of each case and different experiences of each
respondents. In other words, narrative analisys is the revision of primary qualitative data by
researcher.

3. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS. A method of analysis of naturally occurring talk and all


types of written text.

4. FRAMEWORK ANALYSIS. This is more advanced method that consist of several


stages such as familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, coding, charting, mapping,
and interpretation.

5. GROUNDED THEORY. This method of qualitative data analysis starts with an analysis
of a single case to formulate a theory. Then, additionally cases are examined to see if they

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