English for Academic and Professional

Purposes
Quarter 2 – Module 8
SUMMARIZES
FINDINGS AND
EXECUTES THE
REPORT THROUGH
NARRATIVE AND
VISUAL/GRAPHIC
FORMS
After a series of making survey, distributing and gathering data, now it
is time for you to make a summary of what you have found. These are
the key points you need to follow to make your findings
understandable and reliable.

Some techniques to differentiate your own research from previous

research in your writing (these are suggestions not rules, and your best
guides is to see how other writers in your discipline do this.)
Use the first person to describe the findings Ex. My data shows…

Consistently use this to refer to your own Ex. This study…

research and refer to previous research by The findings of this research…
name, place or time Smith and Geva found that…
A previous study in Belgrade
.

Make reference to similarities or differences Ex.

in approach or findings Similar research carried out in the 1980s
showed that…

Use the present perfect tense to highlight Ex.

the recent relevance of your research in The study has shown a prevalence rate of
comparison with earlier research, referring 2.5 which is greater than that found by
to it in the simple. Smith and Geva in their Belgrade study.
 USING CAUTIOUS LANGUAGE

Discussing results and drawing conclusions involves making claims about

interpretation, significance and applicability. This is done within a research
tradition where existing knowledge is always being modified in the light of new
results. As a researcher, you are expected to distinguish carefully between.

• Knowledge you are sure because you have reliable evidence for it
• Other knowledge you are less sure of
• Other knowledge you think is only within the realms of possibility
• Therefore, very strong claims, like the one below, are rare in academic writing.

Reducing fat intake lowers the risk of heart disease.

 A claim like this which implies that the statement is true in every
case cannot be supported with evidence. Claims should therefore be
specific and precise and the level of certainty must match the level
of evidence.
There are many methods used in academic writing to qualify claim.

1. Indicate the degree of probability (note how the claim progressively

weakens)
It is certain that
It is very probable / highly likely that
It is likely that reducing fat intake lowers
the risk of heart disease
It is possible that
It is unlikely that
 Reducing fat intake lowers the risk lowers the risk of heart disease.
Reducing fat intake could/might lower the risk of heart disease.
Reducing fat intake may lower the risk of heart disease.

2. Distance yourself a.) from the claim

Reducing fat intake appears to lower the risk of heart disease.It

seems that reducing fat intake lowers the risk of heart disease.Some
researchers suggest that reducing fat intake lowers the risk of heart
disease.
Or b.) from the data, by showing its limitations:

Some studies indicate that reducing fat intake lowers the risk of heart disease.
For this age group, reducing fat intake lowers the risk of heart disease.
In most of cases studied, reducing fat intake lowered the risk of heart disease.

3. Use a qualifying verb

Reducing fat intake tends to lower the risk of heart disease.Reducing fat intake
contributes to lowering the risk of heart disease..
4. In practice, a combination of these methods is often used .

The majority of studies indicate that for this age group,

reducing fat intake contributes to lowering the risk of heart
disease.
 A survey is a research method for collecting
information from a selected group of people using a
standardized questionnaires or interviews. It is also a
means of obtaining information not generally available
under other circumstances, and are often use in Social
Sciences. Questionnaire is just one part of the survey.
What is a
questionnaires?

A list of survey questions asked to respondents to extract specific

information. Questionnaire is the data collection component of overall
survey.
 Are questionnaire and survey the same?
Very often, the questionnaire and survey are used to mean the same thing.
But there is an important distinction between them: SURVEY describes the
process of conducting a research, which includes the series of 7 steps, while
the questionnaire is one part of the survey process.

We are all observer in our walking hours, but there are characteristics of
scientific observations that distinguish them from our everyday
observations. One of the most important is that scientific observations
should be recorded immediately in a notebook. In discussion observation ,
we are referring not only to observation but also to data collected by.
Observation involves selection and description
To be able to create and present an organized picture of information from a
research report, it is important to use certain techniques to communicate findings
and interpretations of research studies into visual form. The common techniques
being used to display results are tabular, textual and graphical methods.

Some ways of introducing graphs are as follows:

1. The pie graph presented in Figure 2 shows the total number of enrolled Grade
11 senior high school students for school year 2014-2015.
2. The bar graph in Figure 1 presents the level of performance of senior high
school students in different subjects such as English, Mathematics, Social
Science, and Management.

3. Table 9, entitled “Weighted Mean of the Response of the Grade-VI

Teachers Regarding Clinical Supervision during Post-Conference,” appears
on page 34.4. Table

4, below shows the weighted mean of the level of validity of test papers in
terms of hierarchy of taxonomy.
Tables- Sometimes, you can simply report the information
in a table. Tables provide exact values and illustrate results
efficiently as they enable the researcher to present a large
amount of space. The data, usually shown as specific
numerical figures, are arranged in an orderly display of row
and columns to aid in comparison. Therefore, the
readability of both the results and analyses of variance is
enhanced..
The following must be observed in the use of table:

1. Precise values are better than rounded-off values for they may display
patterns and exceptions.

2. Comparing numbers down a column is better than a cross row.

3. Column and row averages provide a visual focus that allows easy
inspection of data

After the presentation of the table, there is a need for a written analysis. The
use of different colors is also encouraged for every column or row to make
the data stand out.
 Tables can be used in the following scenarios:

1. A single category is to be presented in different points. One

example is the category of performance at different points. One
example is the category of performance at different levels.
2. An exact value like the weighted mean or frequency must be
emphasized.
3. The data set contains few numbers.
A good table must should include the following parts

1. Title Number and Title-These are places above the table. The title is
usually written right after the table number.

2. Caption Subhead- this refers to columns and rows

3. Body- It contains all the data under each subhead

4. Source- It indicates if the data is secondary and it should be acknowledge

Table 21.1. Sample Weighted Mean of the Responses of the Grade-
VI Teachers Regarding Clinical
Behavioral Responses Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation
1. Accepts all comments and 4.49 Very Apparent
suggestions of the supervisor.
2. Reacts positively to the 4.85 Very Apparent
feedbacks
3. Feels nervous 3.03 Apparent
4. Responds normally, thinking 3.97 Satisfactory Apparent
of clinical supervision as a
regular process.
5. Shows gratitude to the 4.67 Very Apparent
supervisor for thepointers given
to improve certain areas
Average Weighted Mean 4.2 Very Apparent
“Reacts positively to the feedback” is the indicator with highest weighted
mean of 4.85 with an interpretation of “Very Apparent” while the indicator ;
“Feels nervous”, has the lowest weighted mean of 3.03 and is verbally
interpreted as “Apparent”. This variable has an average weighted mean of 4.2
and verbally interpreted “Very Apparent”

Table 2
Profile of Students According to Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 120 40%
Female 180 60%
Total 300 100%
 Graphical Method of Presenting the Data

A graph or chart portrays the visual presentation of data using

symbols, such as lines, dots, bars or slices. It depicts a trend of a certain set
of measurements or shows comparison between two or more sets of data or
quantities

How about summarizing information using a pie graph?

A pie chart is usually used to show how parts of a whole compare to each
other and to the whole.
The entire circle represents the total and the parts are proportional to the
amount of the total they represent.

First Second Summer

Figure 21.1. Sample Total Population of Enrollment of Senior High
School (Grade 11) Students for School Year 2014-2015

The Pie graph shows that the highest enrollment of senior high
school (grade 11) student is recorded in the second semester of
school year 2014-2015 with 1400 enrollees while the lowest
enrollment is listed in the summer term with 600 enrollees..
A bar graph uses bars to compare categories of data. It may be drawn
vertically or horizontally.
A vertical bar graph is best to use when comparing mean s or
percentages between distinct categories. The categories are measured
independently and compared with one another.
A horizontal bar graph may contain more than five categories. A bar
graph is plotted on either the x-axis or y-axis.
Line Graph / Time Series is a graphical presentation of data that shows
a continuous change or trend. It may show an ascending or descending
trend..
Thank you for
Listening