BRIGHT FUTURE INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL-DOHA
Class IX
Subject MATHEMATICS
Unit 3
Exercise 3.3 & 3.4
Topic Expanding & Factorising
Academic Year 2023 – 2024
 SCHOOL MISSION

BFIS aims to develop knowledge, character and

interpersonal skills among the students, and transform
them into self-motivated ethical citizens, who contribute
positively and effectively towards shaping morally and
culturally progressing societies
 SCHOOL VISION

BFIS envisages to provide accessible, affordable and

progressive educational environment that nurtures
passion for learning desire for advancement and sense of
responsibility towards society.
WORDS MEANING
PYTHAGORAS
Pythagoras’ theorem is used when you know two sides in a right-angled
triangle and you want to find the length of the third side.

The longest side in a right-angled triangle

is called the hypotenuse.

c
a

Pythagoras discovered that….

The sum of the areas of the squares on the two shorter
sides is equal to the area of the square on the hypotenuse.

a c
a2  b2  c 2
b
Example
1 Calculate the value of x.
x
2 cm

6 cm

22  6 2  x 2

4  36  x 2

40  x 2

x  40

x  6.32 cm (to 3 s.f.)

Example
2 Calculate the value of x.

x 10 cm

5 2  10 2  x 2
5 cm
25  100  x 2

125  x 2

x  125

x  11.2 cm (to 3 s.f.)

Example x
3 Calculate the value of x.
4 cm
9 cm

x 2  42  92

x 2  16  81

x 2  65

x  65

x  8.06 cm (to 3 s.f.)

Example x
4 Calculate the value of x.

3.2 cm 7.6 cm

x 2  3.22  7.6 2

x 2  10.24  57.76

x 2  47.52

x  47.52

x  6.89 cm (to 3 s.f.)

Example x
5 Calculate the value of x.

x
8 cm

x 2  x 2  82

2x 2  64

x 2  32

x  32

x  5.66 cm (to 3 s.f.)

Example
6 The equilateral triangle has sides of length 6 cm.
Calculate a the height of the triangle
b the area of the triangle. 6 cm h

a h2  32  62
3 cm
h  9  36
2

1
h 2  27 b Area   base  height
2
h  5.196... 1
  6  5.196...
2
h  5.20 cm (to 3 s.f.)  15.6 cm2 (to 3 s.f.)
Example
7 Find the length of the line joining (−4, 4) and (3, 1).
y

4
x
32  72  x 2 3
2
9  49  x 2 7
x
-4 -2 0 2 4
58  x 2
-2
x  58
-4
x  7.62 (to 3 s.f.)
SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSIONS
You can simplify algebraic expressions by collecting like terms.
Examples

1 Simplify

a 8ab  3ab  5ab

b 5pq  2pq  3qp  4pq

c 7y  4  2y  8  7y  4  2y  8

 5y  4

d 2x  3x  5  4x  7  2x  3x  5  4x  7

 5x  12

e x 2  3x  7  x 2  8x  10  x 2  3x  7  x 2  8x  10

 2x 2  5x  3
Simplifying algebraic expressions with brackets

2(x  4) means 2 lots of (x  4) or 2  (x  4)

x 4
The area of rectangle A = 2  x  2x
2 A B The area of rectangle B = 2  4  8
Total area = 2x + 8

The diagram shows that 2(x  4)  2x  8

When you multiply out the brackets you must multiply each term inside the
bracket by the term outside the bracket.

2 (x  4)  2x  8
Examples

1 Expand

a 3 (x  5)  3x  15

b 7 (x  2)  7x  14

c 5 (2y  4)  10y  20

d x (x  6)  x 2  6x

e 3 (5  7x)  15  21x

Examples

2 Expand and simplify

a 3 (x  5)  2 (x  3)  3x  15  2x  6

 5x  9

b 7 (2  x)  3 (2x  3)  14  7x  6x  9

 23  13x
2
c x (x  4)  2 (3x  1)  x  4x  6x  2

 x 2  2x  2
EXPANDING DOUBLE
BRACKETS
The area of a rectangle that has sides of length (x + 5) and (x + 2)
can be found by splitting the rectangle into four parts.

x+5 x 5

x x2 5x
x+2
2 2x 10

So (x  2)(x  5)  x 2  5x  2x  10
 x 2  7x  10
You can multiply double brackets without using a diagram.

To expand double brackets you multiply each term in the first

bracket by each term in the second bracket.

Use the mnemonic FOIL to help you.

F L
F first
O
I
outside
inside
(x  2)(x  5)  x 2  5x  2x  10
L last I
O
 x  7x  10
2
(x  3)(x  7)  x 2  7x  3x  21
 x  10x  21
2
(x  1)(x  6)  x 2  6x  x  6
 x  7x  6
2
(x  2)(x  4)  x 2  4x  2x  8
 x  2x  8
2
(x  3)(x  8)  x 2  8x  3x  24
 x  5x  24
2
(x  2)(x  9)  x 2  9x  2x  18
 x  11x  18
2
 
2
x5  (x  5)(x  5)  x 2  5x  5x  25
 x  10x  25
2
 
2
2x  1  (2x  1)(2x  1)  4x 2 2x  2x  1
 4x  4x  1
2
(3x  4)(2x  3)  6x 2  9x  8x  12
 6x  x  12
2
FACTORISING 1
 Expand 3(2x  5)  6x 15

Factorising is the reverse of expanding.

expand

3(2x  5)  6x  15

factorise
Examples
1 Factorise 5x  10

First find the HCF of 5x and 10.

x  2
The HCF is 5.
5 5x  10

Answer: 5x  10  5(x  2)
Examples
2 Factorise 2x  6

First find the HCF of 2x and 6.

x  3
The HCF is 2.
2 2x  6

Answer: 2x  6  2(x  3)
Examples
3 Factorise 6x  9

First find the HCF of 6x and 9.

2x  3
The HCF is 3.
3 6x  9

Answer: 6x  9  3(2x  3)
Examples
4 Factorise x 2  3x

First find the HCF of x2 and 3x.

x  3
The HCF is x.
x x 2  3x

Answer: x 2  3x  x(x  3)
Examples
5 Factorise 8x 2  20x

First find the HCF of 8x2 and 20x.

2x  5
The HCF is 4x.
4x 8x 2  20x

Answer: 8x 2  20x  4x(2x  5)

Examples
6 Factorise 15x 2 y  9xy  12x 2 y 3

First find the HCF of

15x2y, 9xy and 12x2y3.
5x  3  4xy 2

The HCF is 3xy.

3xy 15x 2 y  9xy  12x 2 y 3

Answer: 15x 2 y  9xy  12x 2 y 3  3xy(5x  3  4xy 2 )

Examples
7 Factorise x(x  3)  2(x  3)

First find the HCF of x(x + 3)

and 2(x + 3).
x  2
The HCF is (x + 3).
x  3 x(x  3)  2(x  3)

Answer: x(x  3)  2(x  3)  (x  3)(x  2)

Examples
8 Factorise 2x  10  xy  5y

Factorise the first two terms and then

 2(x  5)  y(x  5) the last two terms.

 (x  5)(2  y ) The HCF of the two terms is (x − 5).

Factorisation can be used to simplify algebraic expressions.
Examples

1 Simplify x 2  3x
x

x 2  3x
factorise the numerator
x
1x (x  3)
 divide numerator and denominator by x
x
1
 x3
Examples

2 Simplify 15x  10
20

15x  10
factorise the numerator
20
15 (3x  2)
 divide numerator and denominator by 5
20
4
3x  2

4
Examples

3 Simplify xy
8x  8y

xy
factorise the denominator
8x  8y
1 xy
 divide numerator and denominator by (x + y)
8 (x  y )
1
1

8
Examples

4 Simplify x 2
 2xy
4x 2  8xy

x 2  2xy
factorise the numerator, factorise the denominator
4x 2  8xy
1 1
x (x  2y )
 divide numerator and denominator by x and (x + 2y)
4x (x  2y )
1 1
1

4
FACTORISING 2
REMINDER:

x 2  4x  x(x  4)

x 2  5x  x(x  5)

3x 2  6x  3x(x  2)

4x 2  10x  2x(2x  5)
Factorising expressions of the form x2 + bx + c
Factorising is the reverse of expanding.

EXPAND

(x  3)(x  7)  x 2  10x  21
3+7 3×7

FACTORISE

To factorise you need to find two numbers that MULTIPLY

to give the constant and ADD to give the coefficient of x.
1 Factorise x2 + 7x + 10.

List the pairs of numbers that MULTIPLY to give 10

1 and 10 −1 and −10 2 and 5 −2 and −5
and check to see if they ADD to give 7.

x 2  7x  10  (x  2)(x  5)

check: (x + 2)(x + 5) = x2 + 5x + 2x + 10
= x2 + 7x + 10
2 Factorise x2 + 9x + 14.

List the pairs of numbers that MULTIPLY to give 14

1 and 14 −1 and −14 2 and 7 −2 and −7
and check to see if they ADD to give 9.

x 2  9x  14  (x  2)(x  7)

check: (x + 2)(x + 7) = x2 + 7x + 2x + 14
= x2 + 9x + 14
3 Factorise x2 − 3x − 10.

List the pairs of numbers that MULTIPLY to give −10

1 and −10 −1 and 10 2 and −5 −2 and 5
and check to see if they ADD to give −3.

x 2  3x  10  (x  2)(x  5)

check: (x + 2)(x − 5) = x2 − 5x + 2x − 10
= x2 − 3x − 10
4 Factorise x2 − 8x + 15.

List the pairs of numbers that MULTIPLY to give 15

1 and 15 −1 and −15 3 and 5 −3 and −5
and check to see if they ADD to give −8.

x 2  8x  15  (x  3)(x  5)

check: (x − 3)(x − 5) = x2 − 5x − 3x + 15
= x2 − 8x + 15
Simplifying fractions

To simplify fractions you must first

factorise and then cancel the factors.
1 Simplify x  7x  6
2

x6

x 2  7x  6 factorise
x6

(x  6)(x  1) divide numerator and


(x  6) denominator by (x + 6)

 x 1
2 Simplify x  12x  27
2

x 2  14x  45

x 2  12x  27
factorise
x 2  14x  45

(x  3)(x  9) divide numerator and


(x  5)(x  9) denominator by (x + 9)

x3

x5
3 Simplify x  x  20
2

x 2  x  12

x 2  x  20
factorise
x 2  x  12

(x  5)(x  4) divide numerator and


(x  4)(x  3) denominator by (x + 4)

x5

x3
The difference of two squares

EXPAND

(x  5)(x  5)  x 2  25

FACTORISE

In general x2 – a2 = (x + a) (x – a)
This result is called the difference of two squares.
1 Factorise x2 − 49.

x 2  49  (x  7)(x  7)

check: (x + 7)(x − 7) = x2 − 7x + 7x − 49
= x2 − 49
2 Factorise 4x2 − 1.

4x 2  1 (2x  1)(2x  1)

check: (2x + 1)(2x − 1) = 4x2 − 2x + 2x − 1

= 4x2 − 1
2 Factorise 16x2 − 25.

16x 2  25  (4x  5)(4x  5)

check: (4x + 5)(4x − 5) = 16x2 − 20x + 20x − 25

= 16x2 − 25
Factorising expressions of the form ax2 + bx + c

To factorise 2x2 + 7x + 3

• first look at the x2 term, 2x2 must come from 2x × x, so use (2x + ?)(x + ?)

• next look at the constant term, 3 must come from 3 × 1 or 1 × 3

• try expanding (2x + 3)(x + 1) and (2x + 1)(x + 3) to find which is correct

(2x  3)(x  1)  2x 2  2x  3x  3  2x 2  5x  3

(2x  1)(x  3)  2x 2  6x  x  3  2x 2  7x  3

So 2x 2  7x  3  (2x  1)(x  3)
1 Factorise 5x 2  18x  8

5x2 come from 5x × x, so use (5x + ?)(x + ?)

−8 comes from 1 × −8 or −1 × 8 or 2 × −4 or −2 × 4

(5x  1)(x  8)  5x 2  40x  x  8  5x 2  39x  8

(5x  1)(x  8)  5x 2  40x  x  8  5x 2  39x  8

(5x  2)(x  4)  5x 2  20x  2x  8  5x 2  18x  8

(5x  2)(x  4)  5x 2  20x  2x  8  5x 2  18x  8

So 5x 2  18x  8  (5x  2)(x  4)

2 Simplify x2  4
2x 2  x  10

x2  4
factorise
2x 2  x  10

(x  2)(x  2) divide numerator and


(2x  5)(x  2) denominator by (x − 2)

x2

2x  5
3 Simplify 3x  13x  4
2

3x 2  5x  2

3x 2  13x  4
factorise
3x 2  5x  2

(3x  1)(x  4) divide numerator and


(3x  1)(x  2) denominator by (3x + 1)

x4

x2