The Medium Access control (MAC) Sublayer

4b : ETHERNET

IEEE standards
802.3: Ethernet 802.11: Wireless LAN 802.15: Bluetooth 802.16: Wireless MAN

Ethernet Cabling
Four Types
Type
10Base5: 10Base2: 10BaseT: 10BaseF:

Cable

Max Seg. Nodes/seg

Remark

Thick coax 500m Thin Coax 185 m Twisted Pair 100 m Fiber Optics 2000m

100 Original cable/ obsolate 30 No hub Needed 1024 cheapest system 1024 Best between bldgs

Ethernet Cabling
10Base5 (Thick Ethernet) 10Mbps Base: Baseband transmission For Coax medium its length is given in round number to multiples of 100m Its max segment length = 500 m Signal-regenerating repeaters Thick Coax Advantages: Low attenuation, excellent noise immunity, superior mechanical strength Disadvantages: Bulky, difficult to pull, transceiver boxes too expensive * Wiring represented a significant part of total installed cost.

10Base5 (Thick Ethernet)

AUI: Attachment unit interface cable

MAU Connectors: Multistation Access Unit MAU device is physically hooked on main cable.

50 meter AUI cable from MAU to station.

Ethernet Cabling
10Base2 (Thin Ethernet)

Cheapernet

10 Mbps 185 meter segment length Signal-regenerating repeaters Transceiver was integrated onto the adapter Thin Coax (coax thinner and lighter) Advantages: Easier to install, reduced hardware cost, BNC connectors widely deployed lower installation costs. Disadvantages: Attenuation not as good, could not support as many stations due to signal reflection caused by BNC Tee Connector.

BNC connector : Bayonet Navy Connector.

Thick Ethernet Cable

(a)
transceivers

(b)

Thin Ethernet Cable

Figure 6.55

 10BASET (Twisted pair Ethernet)

10 Mbps 100 meter segment length Signal-regenerating repeaters Transceiver integrated onto adapter Two pairs of UTP Hub-and-spoke topology {Hub in the closet} Advantages: could be done without pulling new wires. Each hub amplifies and restores incoming signal.

Hub Concept
Separate transmit and receive pair of wires. The repeater in the hub retransmits the signal received on any input pair onto ALL output pairs. Essentially the hub emulates a broadcast channel with collisions detected by receiving nodes.

Hub Concept

10Base T

Hub Concept

10BaseT

Twisted Pair Ethernet hub

Single collision domain

Switched Ethernet
switch
High-Speed Backplane or Interconnection fabric

Switched Ethernet
* Basic idea: improve on the Hub concept The switch learns destination locations by remembering the ports of the associated source address in a table. The switch may not have to broadcast to all output ports. It may be able to send the frame only to the destination port. a big performance advantage over a hub, if more than one frame transfer can go through the switch concurrently.

Switched Ethernet
The advantage comes when the switched Ethernet backplane is able to repeat more than one frame in parallel (a separate backplane bus line for each node).
The frame is relayed onto the required output port via the ports own backplane bus line.

Under this scheme collisions are still possible when two concurrently arriving frames are destined for the same station. Note each parallel transmission can take place at 10Mbps!!

Switched Ethernet

Note: Tanenbaums discussion considers a more powerful switch that reduces collisions even further!!

Figure 4-20.A simple example of switched Ethernet.

Switched Ethernet Hub

Since servers are often shared by multiple nodes, one can employ a switching hub with a port which operates at a higher rate than the other ports. Extra buffering inside hub to handle speed mismatches. Can be further enhanced by higher rated port full-duplex.

Fast Ethernet Switch

Ethernet Switch

Server

100 Mbps links

Ethernet Switch

10 Mbps links

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 6.57

Features of Ethernet

1-persistent, CSMA-CD Binary Exponential Backoff. Manchester encoding.

Features of Ethernet

Operational Description Ethernet stations sense the channel. When the channel is free the station transmits a frame. Stations monitor the ether during the transmission. If a collision is detected by any station, the transmission is terminated immediately and a jam signal is sent. Upon collision, stations backoff using a local counter and then retransmit.

Collision Detection [worst case]

A begins to transmit at t=0

B
B begins to transmit at t= tprop- B detects collision at t= tprop

A
A detects collision at t= 2 tprop-

B
It takes 2 tprop to find out if channel has been captured
Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Figure 6.22

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Ethernet
frame contention frame

Frame seizes the channel after 2 tprop On 1 km Ethernet, tprop is approximately 5 microseconds. Contention interval = 2 tprop Interframe gap = 9.6 microseconds Modeled as slotted scheme with slot = 2 tprop

Figure 6.23

Binary Exponental Backoff

Upon a collision, the sending stations increment a local counter K. The backoff interval is randomly selected using a uniform distribution over the L = 2K slots. K is initially set to 0. Thus upon collision, the value of L is doubled locally for each sending station.

Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB)

Slotted ALOHA shown to be unstable when p > 1/n Since Ethernet permits up to 1024 stations, backoff continues until K = 10, L = 210, and p = 1/210 Normally K is incremented up to 10, but BEB is set for 16 retries. After 16 retries, MAC gives up trying to send frame.

802.3 MAC Frame

7 Preamble Sync

1 SD Start frame

2 or 6 Destination Address

2 or 6 Source Address

2 Length Information Pad

4 chksum

Total size of Ethernet frame : 64 to 1518 bytes Destination address is either single address or group address (broadcast = 111...111) Group address : Multicast Addresses are defined on local or universal basis

0 1 0 1

Single address

Group address
Local address Global address

246 possible global addresses

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 6.52

Ethernet Frame
7 Preamble Sync 1 SD Start frame 2 or 6 Destination Address 2 or 6 Source Address 2 Type Information Pad 4 chksum

64 to 1518 bytes

Copyright 2000 The McGraw Hill Companies

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks

Figure 6.53

Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet

Fast Ethernet (100BASE-T)

How to achieve 100 Mbps capacity?
LLC MAC Data Link Layer Physical Layer

Convergence Sublayer

MII

Media Independent Interface Media Dependent Sublayer

Media Independent Interface provides three choices.

Fast Ethernet [IEEE 802.3u]

Three Choices

Figure 4-21.The original fast Ethernet cabling.

* Concept facilitated by 10Mbps/100Mbps Adapter Cards

100 BASE T

Fast Ethernet Details

UTP Cable has a 30 MHz limit
Not feasible to use clock encoding (i.e., NO Manchester encoding)

Instead use bit encoding schemes with sufficient transitions for receiver to maintain clock synchronization.

100 BASE T4
Can use four separate twisted pairs of Cat 3 UTP Utilize three pair in both directions (at 33 1/3 Mbps) with other pair for carrier sense/collision detection. Three-level ternary code is used 8B/6T. Prior to transmission each set of 8 bits is converted into 6 ternary symbols.

100 BASE T4
The signaling rate becomes
100 x 6/8 ------------ = 25 MHz 3 Three signal levels : +V, 0, -V Codewords are selected such that line is d.c.balanced All codewords have a combined weight of 0 or 1.

100 BASE T4
36 = 729 possible codewords. Only 256 codewords are requires, hence they are selected:
To achieve d.c. balance Assuming all codewords have at least two signal transitions within them (for receiver clock synchronization).

To solve d.c. wander, whenever a string of codewords with +1 are sent, alternate codewords (inverted before transmission) are used. To reduce latency, ternary symbols are sent staggered on the three lines.

100 BASE T4
Ethernet Interframe gap of 9.6 microseconds becomes 960 nanoseconds in Fast Ethernet. 100 m. max distance to hub; 200 meters between stations. Maximum of two Class II repeaters.

100 Base TX
Uses two pair of twisted pair, one pair for transmission and one pair for reception. Uses either STP or Cat 5 UTP. Uses MTL-3 signaling scheme that involves three voltages. Uses 4B/5B encoding. There is a guaranteed signal transition at least every two bits.

100 BASE FX
Uses two optical fibers, one for transmission and one for reception. Uses FDDI technology of converting 4B/5B to NRZI code group streams into optical signals.

Fast Ethernet Repeaters and Switches

Class I Repeater supports unlike physical media segments (only one per collision domain) Class II Repeater limited to single physical media type (there may be two repeaters per collision domain) Switches to improve performance can add full-duplex and have autonegotiation for speed mismatches.

Collision Domains

Gigabit Ethernet History

In February 1997 the Gigabit Ethernet Alliance announced that IEEE802.3z Task Force met to review the first draft of the Gigabit Ethernet Standard According to IDC by the end of 1997 85% of all network connections used Ethernet. Higher capacity Ethernet was appealing because network managers can leverage their investment in staff skills and training. 1000 BASE X (IEEE802.3z) was ratified in June 1998.

Gigabit Ethernet (1000 BASE X)

Provides speeds of 1000 Mbps (i.e., one billion bits per second capacity) for half-duplex and full-duplex operation. Uses Ethernet frame format and MAC technology
CSMA/CD access method with support for one repeater per collision domain. Backward compatible with 10 BASE-T and 100 BASET.

Uses 802.3 full-duplex Ethernet technology. Uses 802.3x flow control. All Gigabit Ethernet configurations are point-topoint!

Gigabit Ethernet Architecture Standard

Media Access Control (MAC) full duplex and/or half duplex Gigabit Media Independent Interface (GMII) (optional)
1000 Base X PHY 8B/10B auto-negotiation 1000 Base-LX
Fiber optic transceiver Single Mode or Multimode Fiber

1000 Base T PCS 1000 Base T PMA transceiver

1000 Base-SX 1000 Base-CX

Fiber optic transceiver Multimode Fiber Copper transceiver Shieled Copper Cable

Unshielded twisted pair

IEEE 802.3ab

IEEE 802.3z
Source - IEEE

Gigabit Ethernet Technology

Figure 4-23.Gigabit Ethernet cabling.

1000 BASE SX fiber - short wavelength 1000 BASE LX fiber - long wavelength 1000 BASE CX copper - shielded twisted pair 1000 BASE T copper - unshielded twisted pair * Based on Fiber Channel physical signaling technology.

Gigabit Ethernet (1000 BASET)

LLC
MAC

Data Link Layer

GMII

Gigabit Media Independent Interface Physical Layer Media Dependent Interface

Medium

Gigabit Media Independent Interface

GMII

Allows any physical layer to be used with a given MAC. Namely, Fiber Channel physical layer can be used with CSMA/CD. Permits both full-duplex and halfduplex.

1000 BASE SX
Short wavelength

Supports duplex links up to 275 meters. 770-860 nm range; 850 nm laser wavelength (FC) Fiber Channel technology PCS (Physical Code Sublayer) includes 8B/10B encoding with 1.25 Gbps line. Only multimode fiber

8B/10B Encoder

8B/10B Encoding Issues

When the encoder has a choice for codewords, it always chooses the codeword that moves in the direction of balancing the number of 0s and 1s. This keeps the DC component of the signal as low as possible.

1000 BASE LX
Long wavelength

Supports duplex links up to 550 meters. 1270-1355 nm range; 1300 nm wavelength using lasers. Fiber Channel technology PCS (Physical Code Sublayer) includes 8B/10B encoding with 1.25 Gbps line. Either single mode or multimode fiber.

1000 BASE CX
Short haul copper jumpers

Shielded twisted pair. 25 meters or less typically within wiring closet. PCS (Physical Code Sublayer) includes 8B/10B encoding with 1.25 Gbps line. Each link is composed of a separate shielded twisted pair running in each direction.

1000 BASE T
Twisted Pair

Four pairs of Category 5 UTP. IEEE 802.3ab ratified in June 1999. Category 5, 6 and 7 copper up to 100 meters. This requires extensive signal processing.

Gigabit Ethernet compared to Fiber Channel

Since Fiber Channel (FC) already existed, the idea was to immediately leverage physical layer of FC into Gigabit Ethernet. The difference is that fiber channel was viewed as specialized for highspeed I/O lines. Gigabit Ethernet is general purpose and can be used as a high-capacity switch.

Gigabit Ethernet
Viewed as LAN solution while ATM is WAN solution. Gigabit Ethernet can be shared (hub) or switched. Shared Hub
Half duplex: CSMA/CD with MAC changes: Carrier Extension Frame Bursting

Switch
Full duplex: Buffered repeater called {Buffered Distributor}

Gigabit Ethernet

Figure 4-22. (a) A two-station Ethernet. (b) A multistation Ethernet.

Carrier Extension
Frame RRRRRRRRRRRRR Carrier Extension

512 bytes

For 10BaseT : 2.5 km max; slot time = 64 bytes For 1000BaseT: 200 m max; slot time = 512 bytes Carrier Extension :: continue transmitting control characters [R] to fill collision interval. This permits minimum 64-byte frame to be handled. Control characters discarded at destination. For small frames net throughput is only slightly better than Fast Ethernet.
Based on Raj Jains slide

Frame Bursting
Frame Extension 512 bytes Frame burst Frame Frame Frame

Source sends out burst of frames without relinquishing control of the network. Uses Ethernet Interframe gap filled with extension bits (96 bits) Maximum frame burst is 8192 bytes Three times more throughput for small frames.
Based on Raj Jains slide

Buffered Distributor
Hub

A buffered distributor is a new type of 802.3 hub where incoming frames are buffered in FIFOs. CSMA/CD arbitration is inside the distributor to transfer frames from an incoming FIFO to all outgoing FIFOs. 802.3x frame-based flow control is used to handle congestion. All links are full-duplex.
Based on Raj Jain slide