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1-Introduction To Analytical Chemistry

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21 views

1-Introduction To Analytical Chemistry

Uploaded by

Mary joy David
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY
WHAT IS ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY?

JUDY ANNE BAUTISTA-LIBU, RMT


WHAT IS ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY?
Analytical chemistry is a
measurement science
consisting of a set of
powerful ideas and
methods that are useful in
all fields of science and
medicine.
Qualitative Analysis vs. Quantitative
Analysis
• Qualitative analysis reveals • Quantitative analysis
the identity of the elements indicates the amount of
and compounds in a each substance in a sample.
sample.
The Role of Analytical
Chemistry
• Analytical chemistry is applied throughout
industry, medicine, and all the sciences.
• Quantitative analytical measurements also
play a vital role in chemistry, biochemistry,
biology, geology, physics, and the other
sciences.
• Many scientists devote much time in the
laboratory gathering quantitative information
about systems that are important and
interesting to them.
Classifying Quantitative
Analytical Methods
We classify analytical methods according to the
•
nature of this final measurement.

1. Gravimetric methods determine the mass of


the analyte or some compound chemically
related to it.

2. Volumetric method determines the volume of


a solution containing sufficient reagent to
react completely with the analyte.
Classifying Quantitative
Analytical Methods
3. Electroanalytical methods involve the
measurement of such electrical properties as
voltage, current, resistance, and quantity of
electrical charge.
4. Spectroscopic methods are based on
measurement of the interaction between
electromagnetic radiation and analyte atoms or
molecules or on the production of such radiation
by analytes.
Flow Diagram Showing the Steps
in a Quantitative Analysis
Picking a Method
• One of the first questions to be considered in the
selection process is the level of accuracy required.
• A second consideration related to economic factors is
the number of samples to be analyzed.
• The complexity of the sample and the number of
components in the sample always influence the
choice of method to some degree.
Acquiring the Sample
• Sampling involves obtaining a small mass of a
material whose composition accurately
represents the bulk of the material being
sampled.
• Sampling is frequently the most difficult step in
an analysis and the source of greatest error.
The final results of an analysis will never be any
more reliable than the reliability of the
sampling step.
Processing the Sample
• Under certain circumstances, no
sample processing is required prior to
the measurement step.
• Under most circumstances, we must
process the sample in any of a variety
of different ways.
• The first step in processing the sample
is often the preparation of a laboratory
sample.
Processing the Sample
• Preparing a Laboratory Sample
• A solid sample is ground, mixed to ensure homogeneity, and
stored for various lengths of time before analysis begins.
• Because any loss or gain of water changes the chemical
composition of solids, it is a good idea to dry samples just
before starting an analysis.
• Alternatively, the moisture content of the sample can be
determined at the time of the analysis in a separate
analytical procedure.
Processing the Sample
• Preparing a Laboratory Sample
• Liquid samples are subject to solvent evaporation
• If the analyte is a gas dissolved in a liquid, analyte must be
kept inside a second sealed container to prevent
contamination by atmospheric gases.
• Extraordinary measures, including sample manipulation
and measurement in an inert atmosphere, may be
required to preserve the integrity of the sample.
Processing the Sample
• Replicate samples, or replicates, are portions of a material of
approximately the same size that are carried through an
analytical procedure at the same time and in the same way.
• Replication improves the quality of the results and provides a
measure of their reliability.
• Quantitative measurements on replicates are usually
averaged, and various statistical tests are
performed on the results to establish
their reliability.
Processing the Sample
• Preparing Solutions: Physical and Chemical Changes
• Ideally, the solvent should dissolve the entire sample,
including the analyte, rapidly and completely.
• The sample may require heating with aqueous solutions of
strong acids, strong bases, oxidizing agents, reducing
agents, or some combination of such reagents.
• It may be necessary to ignite the sample in air or oxygen
or perform a high-temperature fusion of the sample in the
presence of various fluxes.
Eliminating Interferences
• Few chemical or physical properties of importance in
chemical analysis are unique to a single chemical species.
• Species other than the analyte that affect the final
measurement are called interferences, or interferents.
• An interference is a species that causes an error in an
analysis by enhancing or attenuating (making smaller) the
quantity being measured.
Remain Steps of A Typical
Quantitative Analysis
• Calibration and Measurement
• Ideally, the measurement of the property is directly proportional to
the concentration.
• Calculating Results
• Computing analyte concentrations are based on the raw
experimental data collected in the measurement step, the
characteristics of the measurement instruments, and the
stoichiometry of the analytical reaction.
• Evaluating Results by Estimating Their Reliability
• Analytical results are incomplete without an estimate of their
reliability.
THANK YOU!
PREPARE FOR A QUIZ NEXT MEETING

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