Scribd
Upload
23 views

Unit 2 Part 4 - Truss and Frame Structures - No Record

The document discusses different structural framing techniques including trusses, frames, tension structures, and surface structures. It provides examples of each type and explains how they distribute loads and provide stability.

Uploaded by

Raed Jahshan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views

Unit 2 Part 4 - Truss and Frame Structures - No Record

The document discusses different structural framing techniques including trusses, frames, tension structures, and surface structures. It provides examples of each type and explains how they distribute loads and provide stability.

Uploaded by

Raed Jahshan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

ADVANCED

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
Unit 2 – Introduction to Structures and
Structural Behaviour
EXTENDING THE BUILDING…

...
1.Laterally to enclose more (uninterrupted) space
2.Vertically to maximise the use of available land
LARGER SPANS - TRUSSES

Load

Simply supported truss span


Some members are ties which act in tension – may be thin wires
Others are struts which act in compression – their strength is limited
by their buckling capacity.
How do we know which is which?
Identify them by what happens if they are cut…
TRUSS ANALYSIS 1

Load

B
Cut AB, truss opens. Therefore AB in tension.
TRUSS ANALYSIS 2

Load
C
A

B
Cut BC, truss closes. Therefore BC in compression.
TRUSS ANALYSIS 3

Load
C
A

B
Cut AC, truss closes. Therefore AC in compression.
TRUSS ANALYSIS 4

Load
C
A

B
D
Cut CD, truss opens. Therefore CD in tension.
TRUSS ANALYSIS 5

Load

c C c E c G I K L
A
t c t c t c
B t D t F H J
… and so on for all members.
Size of forces in members can be calculated by resolving them
at each joint, using triangle /polygon of forces.
e.g. forces at B (lengths of arrows give size of force in
member)
AB
CB
Triangle/polygon closes at equilibrium
At point F 5 forces make a pentagon. BD
EXAMPLES OF TRUSS COMPONENTS

Stocky compression struts


Thin wire ties
Triangulation

Stansted Airport
terminal building

Pin-jointed connection
allows rotation
PORTAL FRAMES

Hinged portals – feet and ridge


are free to rotate

Detail of a structural hinge –


Sheffield, Winter Garden
TALL BUILDINGS
Tall buildings receive wind forces
wind

cantilever

encastré at ground level

Sway or deflection can cause failure


Also earthquakes – the ground vibrates
POSSIBLE
Steel or reinforced concrete
SOLUTIONS - FRAMES

Beams supporting floor slabs

Columns supporting beams

Central stiff “core”

Lightweight cladding

Basement and foundations


take loads to firm ground
FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Examples of r.c. cores in multi-
– WIND RESISTANCE
storey construction

core

steel frame

precast
concrete
frame
CONCRETE OR STEEL?
Speed of erection and light weight favour steel
Very high strength concretes are now available and extend its
range
Fire resistance crucial:
compare Empire State Building 1947 with World Trade Centre
2001
Windsor Tower, Madrid 2005
Steel promoters vs concrete promoters – each one is “best”
FRAME STIFFNESS - 1

Provide stiff joints to prevent frame from racking


- reinforcement is carried through joint.
FRAME STIFFNESS - 2

Shear walls Spandrel walls


May be masonry or precast concrete panels
External wind bracing on sports hall

FRAME STIFFNESS - 3

Diagonal wind bracing –


only needed in tension so
can be thin ties
FRAME STIFFNESS - 4

Panels would need to be reinforced concrete, but consider


Ronan Point 1968: what would happen in a gas explosion or
terrorist action? Needs to be robust.
TENSION STRUCTURES
Suspension bridge
Support towers in compression, cables in tension, anchored to
banks. Long uninterrupted span.

Tension Tension
anchorage anchorage
MILLENNIUM (NOW O2) DOME
Pylons and wires support the ribs over which the
membrane is stretched.
SHORT LIFE AUDITORIUM, CHICHESTER
Triangular lattice
portal frame
Guy wires to maintain
racking stability
Membrane is
suspended from
portal to give
uninterrupted views
inside.
GRANDSTANDS
Stiffness of ribbed
cantilever shell
obviates need for Structural model
supports which block
views of the action.
Made possible by
concrete’s versatility
of form but could Goodwood, 1973
replicate in steel too.
SURFACE STRUCTURES
Gain strength and
stiffness through
their shape
“NORTHLIGHT” ROOFS – AVOID GLARE
Shells are stiff

St Pancras
International 2006
MODERN “NATURAL” SHAPES
Made possible by advanced computer analysis and steel
production.

The only flat


planes are
the floors.

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao


SURFACE STRUCTURES WITH STIFFNESS
Buckminster Fuller, geodesic dome,
Montreal, 1967
Edward Cullinan, gridshell roof, Weald &
Downland Museum, Sussex 2001

Detail of node
MODERN STEEL FABRICATION
Our ability to curve steel tubes extends options further.
Here, the shape of the rib resists both vertical and horizontal loads

Footbridge, Leeds

You might also like