DC Motor

When a current carrying conductor is placed inside a magnetic field, it

experiences a force. Direction of this force can be obtained by
Flemming’s Left hand Rule.

A DC motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.

 Flemming’s Left hand Rule

“Hold out your left hand with the forefinger, second finger and thumb
perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger represents the direction of
the field and the second finger represents that of the current, then thumb
gives the direction of the force.”

Motion of the
conductor
Magnetic
field

Direction of
current
 Back EMF ()
As armature starts rotating, it cuts the flux present in the air-gap
simultaneously. So, an EMF is induced in it.
The EMF induced, opposes the supply voltage, therefore it is known as back
EMF().

=
 Importance of Back EMF

 When the motor is running under light load condition, is almost equal to V.
Current drawn from supply is less.

 When motor is loaded gradually, motor runs with lesser speed and is reduces.
Current drawn from supply increases

 If load is removed, speed is increased so also back EMF. Current drawn from
supply reduces.

 So, is called the controlling factor of DC Motor.

 DC MOTOR

Self Excited Separately Excited Permanent Magnet

Series Shunt Compound

Short-Shunt Long-Shunt
 Permanent magnet DC Motor
 Here permanent magnets are used in field poles.
 Only armature circuit is connected to supply.

Here,
Ia=Armature current
Ia= IL = I
IL=Line current
V= Eb + Ia Ra
V= Supply voltage VI = Eb Ia + Ra
Eb= Back EMF
Ra= Armature resistance
 Separately Excited DC Motor

Here, Ia= IL
If=Field current V= Eb+ Ia Ra
Ia=Armature current Or
IL=Line current V= Eb+ Ia Ra+ Brush Drop
V= Supply voltage VI = Eb Ia + Ra
Eb=Back EMF Mechanical power developed in
Ra= Armature the armature= EbIa Watt
resistance Electrical power supplied to the
Rf=Field Resistance motor= VIL Watt
 Series DC Motor

Here,
Rse= Series winding resistance

IL= Ia= Ise

V= Eb+ Ia Ra+ Ia Rse
= Eb+ Ia (Ra+ Rse)
Or,
V= Eg+ Ia (Ra+ Rse)+ Brush Drop
V I L = Eb I a +
Mechanical power developed in the armature= EbIa Watt
Electrical power supplied to the motor= VIL Watt
 DC Shunt Motor
Here, Rsh= shunt field winding resistance
Ish= Field winding current
Ish=
IL= Ia+ Ish

V= Eb+ Ia Ra
Or
V= Eb+ Ia Ra+ Brush Drop

VIL = Eb Ia + Ra

Mechanical power developed in the armature= EbIa Watt

Electrical power supplied to the motor= VIL Watt
 Short- Shunt DC Motor
Here, Ise= IL
IL
Ish=
=
IL= Ia+ Ish
V= Eb + Ia Ra+ ILRse
Or
V= Eb+ Ia Ra+ ILRse+Brush Drop
Mechanical power developed in the armature= EbIa Watt
Electrical power supplied to the motor= VIL Watt
 Long- Shunt DC Motor

Here,
Ish=
Ise= Ia= IL- Ish
V= Eb+ Ia Ra+IseRse
V= Eb+ Ia (Ra+Rse)
Or,
V= Eb+ Ia (Ra+Rse)+ Brush Drop
Mechanical power developed in the armature= EbIa Watt
Electrical power supplied to the motor= VIL Watt
 Torque equation
Torque : It is the bending or twisting moment across a shaft.
T= F * r Newton
Suppose this force makes the armature move at N rpm.
n = rps
Work done per revolution of armature = Force * distance covered in one
revolution
W= F * 2πr
Work done per second= F * 2πrn r

So, mechanical power = F * 2πrn = T * 2πn = Tω

So, P = ωT = 2πnT =
Gross Torque:
= Eb Ia
T=* 60
= 9.55
= 0.159
This is expressed as
So, T α Ia
Shaft torque: The actual torque at the output is shaft torque.
= 9.55
Where = - frictional and windage loss.
If the output power is in BHP ,
= 9.55 N-m
 Speed Equation
=

N=
In the above equation A,P, Z are constant. So, we can write,

Nα

or, = k and = k

= *
 Speed Regulation

It is defined as the change in speed form no load to full load expressed

as a percentage of full load speed.

% speed regulation = * 100

= no load speed

= full load speed

Lesser the regulation, better is the motor.

 Torque & armature current
characteristics

Speed & armature current

Characteristics of DC motor
characteristics

Speed & torque

characteristics
Characteristics of DC series motors
Torque Vs Armature Current Characteristics

Magnetization Characteristics

𝑇𝑔
𝑇 𝑠h
Torque

Armature Current

T α Ia Tα
 Characteristics of DC series motors
Speed Vs Armature Current Characteristics

Magnetization Characteristics

Speed

Armature Current

Nα Nα Nα Nα
Characteristics of DC series motors
Speed Vs Torque Characteristics

Speed

Torque
Characteristics of DC shunt motors
Torque Vs Armature Current Characteristics

𝑇𝑔

𝑇 𝑠h
Torque

Armature Current

T α Ia T α Ia
Characteristics of DC shunt motors
Speed Vs Armature Current Characteristics

Speed

Armature Current
Nα Nα
= V-
Characteristics of DC shunt motors
Speed Vs Torque Characteristics

Speed

Torque
 Characteristics of compound motors

Differentially compound

Speed

nd
Cumulatively compound

pou
ycom
vel
la t i
mu ound
Torque

omp
Cu
Speed

l ly c
nt i a
ff ere
r que Di
To

Armature Current
 Speed control of DC motor

Armature Control Field Control

Armature resistance Field rheostat

control Control
Shunted Armature
Control Reluctance Control

Armature voltage Field voltage

Control Control
Ward-Leonard
Control
 Field Rheostat Control

Variable resistance is inserted in series

with shunt field.

Ish=

Ish

Nα
 Reluctance Control

• Flux is inversely proportional to reluctance.

• Speed is inversely proportional to flux.

Field Voltage Control

• A separate variable voltage source is used provide field excitation.
• By varying voltage across field coils, flux produced can be changed
which ultimately changes the speed.
 Tapped field control

• Here tappings are taken from several

points of field winding.

• Changing the tapping, changes the

resistance of the field coil.

• This is applicable to series motors only.

Nα
 Field diverter control

• Here, a variable resistor is used in

parallel with field coil.
𝐼 𝑠𝑒
• This resistance diverts a part of field
current and there by changes the field
voltage drop.

Nα
 Armature Resistance Control

External resistance is added in series

with armature coil.

Nα
 Shunted Armature control
• Back EMF depends on armature resistance as well as armature current.

• An external resistance is connected in parallel with armature circuit, that

divers a part of armature current.

• Changing the value of external resistance changes the speed.

• It is applicable to both series and shunt motors.

I

Nα Nα
 Armature voltage control

• Separate source is used for armature and field excitation.

• Speed is directly proportional to voltage. By changing V, speed variation

can be obtained.
 Ward-Leonard method of speed control

• This technique use a constant

excitation for field and a variable
source for the armature.
• It requires an additional motor-
generator set.
• Here the motor whose speed is to be
controlled gets its armature supply
from the DC generator.
 STARTERS
When a motor is about to start, N=0 so, =0

Ia=

So, armature current is very high during starting.

This high current produces,

 high heat
 Strong electro-dynamic forces are produced.
 Sparking at commutator-brush terminals
 Large voltage dip
 Three point starter

• Mainly there are three main points.

 L is known as Line terminal, which is connected to the positive supply.

 A is known as the armature terminal and is connected to the armature windings.

 F is known as the field terminal and is connected to the field terminal windings.
 Four point starter

• The basic difference in 4 Point Starter as compared to 3 Point Starter is that

in this a holding coil is removed from the shunt field circuit.

• This coil after removing is connected across the line in series with a current
limiting resistance R.

Smitarani Sahoo, CVRGU, BBSR

A 230V series motor is taking 50A. Resistance of armature and series field
winding is 0.2Ω and 0.1Ω respectively. Calculate brush voltage, back EMF,
power wasted in armature and mechanical power developed.

Here,
Rse= 0.1 Ω, Ra = 0.2 Ω , V= 230V, IL=50A

(i) Eb =V- voltage drop in series field = 230- 50*0.1=225V

(ii) Eb =V-Ia (Ra+ Rse) = 230- 50*(0.1+0.2) = 215V

(iii) Power wasted in armature= = 500W

(iv) Mechanical power developed, == 10750 Watt IL= Ia= Ise

 A 20kW, 240V DC shunt generator has armature and field resistance of 0.05Ω and 80Ω
respectively. Calculate the total armature power developed when working (i) as a
generator delivering 20kW (ii) a motor taking 20kW input.

(i) As generator, = = = 83.33A

= 83.33+3= 86.33A
= 240 + 86.33*0.05= 244.32V
Total armature power developed == = 244.32*83.33= 20360 Watt
(ii) As motor, = = = 83.33A
= 83.33-3= 80.33A
= 240 + 80.33*0.05= 235.98V
Total armature power developed == = 235.98*80.33= 18960 Watt
A 250V shunt motor has armature and field resistances of 1Ω and 125Ω respectively. When running
light, it takes a current of 5A and the speed is 1500 RPM. Find the motor speed at its full load, the input
current being 25A. Find the speed at this load if a resistance of 2.5Ω is inserted in the armature circuit.
= == 2A
= 5-2= 3A
= 250-(3*1) =247V
N= 1500 RPM
At full load, =25-2= 23A
= 250- 23*1 =227V
= * =>= * = *1500 = 1378 RPM
When a resistance of 2.5Ω is inserted in the circuit, =1+2.5= 3.5 Ω
= 250-(3*3.5) =169.5V
= * = *1500 =1029 RPM

Smitarani Sahoo, CVRGU, BBSR

A 4 pole DC series motor has wave connected winding with 600 conductors. Total resistance of
motor is 0.8Ω. When fed from a 250V source, the motor supplies a load of 10kW and takes 50A
with a flux per pole of 3mWb. Calculate the gross torque and shaft torque.

Here,
Z= 600, A=2, Rm = Ra +Rse =0.8 Ω , V= 230V, IL=50A

(i) Eb =V-Ia (Ra+ Rse) = 250-(50*0.8)= 210V

(ii) N= =3500 RPM

(iii) = 9.55 =28.65N-m

(iv) = 9.55 = 27.28 N-m

IL= Ia= Ise

A 20kW, 250V DC shunt motor has full load armature current of 85A at 1100RPM. The armature resistance
is 0.18Ω. Determine, (i) the internal torque developed (ii) the internal torque, if the field current is suddenly
reduced to 80% of its original value (iii) the steady motor speed in part ii assuming the load torque
remaining constant.
A DC series motor runs at 750 RPM drawing 50A from 500V supply. The armature
resistance is 0.2Ω. Determine the value of external resistance to be added in series with
the armature for the motor to run at 550RPM. The load torque varies as the square of
speed.
7. A 10kW, DC shunt generator has the following losses at full load. Mechanical loss= 290W,
Iron loss= 410W, shunt copper loss= 120W, armature copper loss=595W. Calculate the
efficiency of DC generator at (i) full load (ii) 25% of full load.
A 200V shunt motor has = 0.1Ω, = 240Ω and rotational loss of 236W. On full load, the line
current is 9.8A with the motor running at 1450 RPM. Determine, (i) the mechanical power
developed (ii) the power output (iii) the load torque (iv) full load efficiency