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1 Anatomy Introduction

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. The document defines anatomy and its divisions including gross, microscopic, and regional anatomy. It also describes anatomical position, planes, terminology, and major body cavities and regions.

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17 views

1 Anatomy Introduction

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. The document defines anatomy and its divisions including gross, microscopic, and regional anatomy. It also describes anatomical position, planes, terminology, and major body cavities and regions.

Uploaded by

vbh8222
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FERNANDO J. PERALDO, M.D.

, MPH, DPSAi
Objectives:
Define anatomy and its divisions.
Define the anatomical position of the body.
Explain the significance of anatomical position of the
body in the science of medicine.
Define anatomical planes of the body.
Explain why directional terms are relative and must
be used in reference to body structures or a body in
anatomical position.
Explain how anatomical terms are derived.
HUMAN ANATOMY

Anatomy is the study of the structure of human body parts


and describe their relationships to one another.

Divisions/Disciplines of Anatomy
 Gross anatomy or Macroscopic (organs and systems)
 Embryology or Developmental Anatomy
 Histology or Microscopic (tissues and cells)
 Living anatomy (radiological anatomy, surface
anatomy, applied and clinical surgical anatomy)
 Comparative Anatomy :compares structure of human
beings with other creatures especially vertebrates.
Divisions of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy
Structures that can be Structures that cannot
seen with the eye be seen with the eye
Muscles, bones, various Need to use a
organs microscope
Cytology = study of cells
Histology = study of
tissues
Levels of Structural Complexity
What are you made of ?
HUMAN ANATOMY
Divisions:
Regional Anatomy:
 Upper Limb
 Lower Limb
 Thorax
 Abdomen and Pelvis
 Head and Neck.
HUMAN ANATOMY

Divisions:
Systemic Anatomy:
 Integumentary
 Skeletal
 Articular
 Muscular
 Nervous
 Circulatory
 Cardiovascular
 Lymphoid
HUMAN ANATOMY

Divisions:
Systemic Anatomy:
 Digestive
 Respiratory
 Urinary
 Reproductive
 Endocrine
The Language of Anatomy
A language used to describe the relative position of
body parts; needed for communication

Special terminology is used to prevent


misunderstanding
The Language of Anatomy
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
ANATOMIC TERMINOLOGY

 ANATOMICAL POSITION

 ANATOMICAL PLANES

 ANATOMICAL ADJECTIVES

 ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
ANATOMIC POSITION
All structures are described and named with
reference to the anatomical position.
In the anatomical position, the body is
 Standing erect
 The eyes look straight to the front
 Face and palms of the hands directed forwards
 The upper limbs hang by the sides of trunk
 The lower limbs are parallel with the feet
together and the toes pointing forwards
ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES
Are arranged as pairs of opposites
Anterior (Ventral ) &
Posterior (Dorsal )
 Anterior: Towards
the front of the body

 Posterior: Towards
the back of the body
ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES
Are arranged as pairs of opposites

Superior( Cranial ) &


Inferior (Caudal )
 Superior: Towards
the head

 Inferior: Towards
the feet
ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Proximal & Distal
Proximal: Nearer the
trunk
Distal: Away from the
trunk
ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Medial & Lateral
 Medial: Towards
the midline of the
body

 Lateral: Away from


the midline of the
body
ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Superficial & Deep
 Superficial: Nearer
the surface of the
body

 Profundus (Deep):
Away from the
surface of the body
ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Central & Peripheral
 Central: Towards
the central axis of the
body

 Peripheral: Away
from the central axis
of the body
ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Ipsilateral & Contralateral

 Ipsilateral: Of the same side

 Contralateral: Of the Opposite side


ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Flexor Surface & Extensor Surface

 Flexor Surface: The anterior surface in the upper


limb and the posterior surface in the lower limb

 Extensor surface: The posterior surface in the upper


limb and the anterior surface in the lower limb
ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Palmar & Dorsal
Surfaces of Hand
 Palmar Surface:
Anterior surface
 Dorsal Surface:
Posterior surface
ANATOMIC ADJECTIVES CONT.
Plantar & Dorsal Surfaces of Foot
 Plantar Surface: Lower surface
 Dorsal Surface: Upper surface
Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1
Orientation and Directional Term

Table 1.1 (cont)


Body Landmarks
Anterior

Figure 1.5a
Body Landmarks

Posterior

Figure 1.5b
ANATOMIC PLANES
Median Sagittal ( Midsagittal ) Plane: A vertical
plane passing between the anterior midline and
posterior midline, dividing the body into right & left
halves.

Parasagittal ( Paramedian ) Plane: Any plane


parallel to median sagittal plane
ANATOMIC PLANES
coronal
vertical,
perpendicular to
median
Horizontal (transverse)
parallel to floor,
perpendicular to
median, coronal
Body Planes
Median sagittal plane –
vertical plane passing through
the center of the body
dividing it into equal left and
right halves

Coronal Plane – imaginary


vertical planes at right angles
to the median plane

Transverse plane – plane at


right angles to both the
median and coronal planes;
divides the body into superior
and inferior portions

Figure 1.6
Body Cavities
- internal chambers holding
vital organs
- protect organs and allow
them to change in shape
and size

Two Body Cavities:


Dorsal
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
Ventral
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic
cavity
Figure 1.7
Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Figure 1.8a
Body Quadrants
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.8b
Abdominopelvic Major Organs

Figure 1.8c
Serous Membranes of the Ventral
Body Cavity
Membrane – a soft, thin, pliable layer of
tissue.
Visceral – covers a vital organ
Parietal – lines a body cavity
Serous Membranes of the
Ventral Body Cavity
Organ Membrane Cavity Name
Name
Heart Pericardium Pericardial

Lungs Pleura Pleural

Abdominal Peritoneum Peritoneal


organs & systems

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