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Learning

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29 views

Learning

Uploaded by

alishbaajaz148
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENTAL

PSYCHOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM ATTIA
SUBMITTED BY:
TOOBA NAEEM
TOOBA QANDEEL
AYESHA ZAFAR
TOPIC: LEARNING

CONTENT
 What is learning?
 Who proposed?
 Types of Learning
 Factors of learning
 Laws of learning
 How to improve learning
What is learning?

 Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding,
knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and
preferences.
 Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event
(e.g. being burned by a hot stove), but much skill and
knowledge accumulate from repeated experiences.
 The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and
some machines; there is also evidence for some kind of
learning in certain plants.
Who proposed learning?

 Psychologists often define learning as a relatively permanent
change in behavior as a result of experience. The psychology of
learning focuses on a range of topics related to how people
learn and interact with their environments.
 The following are some of the major figures associated with
learning, these are as:
 Edward Thorndike
 Ivan Pavlov
 John B. Watson
 B.F. Skinner
 Albert Bandura
Types of Learning

 There are three main types of learning:
 Classical conditioning.
 Operant conditioning.
 Observational learning.
1.Classical conditioning

 Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
 Classical conditioning is a type of unconscious or
automatic learning.
 This learning process creates a conditioned response
through associations between an unconditioned stimulus
and a neutral stimulus.
 Classical conditioning involves forming an association
between two stimuli, resulting in a learned response.
 Phase 1: Before
Conditioning
In the before conditioning phase,
an unconditioned stimulus is
paired with an unconditioned
Phases of
response. A neutral stimulus is Classical
then introduced.
 Phase 2: During conditioning
Conditioning Phase 3: After
The during conditioning phase Conditioning
involves pairing a neutral In the after conditioning
stimulus with an unconditioned
phase, the conditioned
stimulus. Eventually, the neutral
stimulus alone triggers
stimulus becomes the
the conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus.
Example

2.Operant conditioning

 Operant conditioning was first described by behaviorist
B.F. Skinner.
 Operant conditioning is a process by which humans and
animals learn to behave in such a way as to obtain rewards
and avoid punishments.
 In operant conditioning, associations are made between a
behavior and the consequences of that behavior.
Example

3.Observational learning

 Observational learning was first introduced by Albert
Bandura.
 Observational learning is the process of learning by
watching the behaviors of others. The targeted behavior is
watched, memorized, and then mimicked.
 It is also known as shaping and modeling, observational
learning is most common in children as they imitate
behaviors of adults.
Stages of Observational
learning

ATTENTION-RETENTION-PRODUCTION-MOTIVATION
Example

 After witnessing an older sibling being punished for
taking a cookie without asking, the younger child does not
take cookies without permission.
 A child learns to walk. A child learns how to play a game
while watching others.
Factors of Learning

7 Important Factors that May Affect the Learning Process
 Intellectual factor
 Learning factors
 Physical factors
 Mental factors
 Emotional and social factors
 Teacher's Personality
 Environmental factor
Laws of learning

The first three are the basic laws:
 Law of readiness
 Law of exercise
 Law of effect
The other three laws were added later as a result of
experimental studies
 Law of primacy
 Law of intensity
 Law of recency
LAWS
 Law of Readiness

The Law of Readiness means a person can learn when
physically and mentally adjusted (ready) to receive stimuli.
Individuals learn best when they are ready to learn.
 Law of Exercise
The idea that repetition is basic to the development of
adequate responses; things most often repeated are easiest
remembered. The mind can rarely recall new concepts or
practices after a single exposure, but every time it is
practiced, learning continues and is enforced.
LAWS

 Law of Effect
This law involves the emotional reaction of the learner.
Learning will always be much more effective when a feeling
of satisfaction, pleasantness associates. Learning is
strengthened when it is accompanied by a pleasant feeling
and that it is weakened when it is associated with an
unpleasant experience.
 Law of Primacy
This law states that the state of being first, often creates a
strong, almost unshakeable impression. It is more difficult to
un-teach a subject than to teach it correctly the first time.
LAWS

 Law of Intensity
The principle of intensity states that if the stimulus
(experience) is real, the more likely there is to be a change in
behavior (learning). A vivid, dramatic or exciting learning
experience teaches more than a routine or boring experience.
 Law of Recency
Things most recently learned are best remembered, while the
things learned some time ago are remembered with more
difficulty. It is sometimes easy, for example, to recall a
telephone number dialed a few minutes ago, but it is usually
impossible to recall a telephone number dialed a week ago.
How Learning can be improved

Few points can help improving learning. These are as follow:
 Contiguity.
 Perceptual-motor grounding.
 Generation effect.
 Stories and example cases.
 Feedback.
Points

 Manageable cognitive load.
 Cognitive disequilibrium.
 Cognitive flexibility.
 Goldilocks principle.
 Anchored learning.
Any questions?

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