SYSTEMATICS

IDENTIFY WHAT EVIDENCE OF

EVOLUTION IS DEPICTED:
1. The embryos of vertebrates have
similar structures.
2. Humans and chimpanzees shared 99%
of DNA similarities.
3. Vestigial structures indicate remnants
of previously present structures before
the new species evolved.
4. Unique marsupial characteristics were
observed on some animals found in
Australia.
5. Characteristics of ancient horses were
inferred from the unearthed
preserved toe bone.
 Describe species diversity and cladistics,
including the types of evidence and
procedures that can be used to establish
evolutionary relationships
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-16)
 demonstrate how shared
derived characters can be
used to reveal degrees of
relationship; and
 build cladograms to infer
evolutionary relatedness.
1. How do you think were objects grouped in each box?
2. Do you think there is another way of grouping these
objects?
3. What is the importance of grouping things according to
their classification?
S_S_ _ M_T _ _ S
1. Field of study involved
with the hierarchy of every
life form and in the
determination of
evolutionary relationships
of organisms.
SYST E MAT I C S
1. Field of study involved
with the hierarchy of every
life form and in the
determination of
evolutionary relationships
of organisms.
T_X_ _ _M_
2. the science of
describing, naming,
and classifying of
organisms
TAXO N OMY
2. the science of
describing, naming,
and classifying of
organisms
PH___GEN _ ___S

3. the study of
evolutionary
relationships among
species.
PHYLOGEN E TICS

3. the study of
evolutionary
relationships among
species.
 C__OL_S

4. L _ N Nbotanist
Swedish _ _ Uwho_
grouped organisms into a
set of taxonomic hierarchy
and gave every species a
two-word name or
dichotomous key
CAROLUS
LINNAEUS
4. Swedish botanist who
grouped organisms into a
set of taxonomic hierarchy
and gave every species a
two-word name or
dichotomous key
 __A__E_
_A__I_
5. Proposed natural selection
in which evolution occurs in a
branched fashion, with each
species giving rise to other
species as population occupy
and adapt to new habitats
 CHARLES
DARWIN
5. Proposed natural selection
in which evolution occurs in a
branched fashion, with each
species giving rise to other
species as population occupy
and adapt to new habitats
Systematics - The goal
of systematics is to have
classification reflect the
evolutionary relationships of
species. Cladistics classifies
organisms according to the
order in time that branches
arise along
a phylogenetic tree, without
considering the degree of
divergence (how
much difference).
Phylogenetic systematics is
the formal name for the field
within biology that reconstructs
evolutionary history and
studies the patterns of
relationships among
organisms. Unfortunately,
history is not something we
can see. It has only happened
once and only leaves behind
clues as to what happened.
 PHYLOGENETIC TREES represent the
CLADOGRAMS typically show
evolution of a set of organisms or groups
evolutionary relationships based on
of organisms based on DESCENT FROM
SHARED DERIVED
SHARED ANCESTORS.
CHARACTERISTICS
 CLADE - group of organisms consisting of a
common ancestor and all of its descendants.

1. Which represents the organisms in

the diagram?
2. Which is the root in the diagram and
what does it mean?
3. How many branches extend from the
root? What does the split mean?
4. Numbers 2, 3 and 4 are called nodes.
What do they signify?
5. What does TIME mean in the
diagram? What do longer lines mean?
How about the shorter lines?
CLADOGRAM
 TRUE OR FALSE:
6. Organism C has existed the shortest
time among all organisms in the
diagram.
7. The root of the tree represent the
present.
8. The top branches represent the
present.
9. The nodes within the tree represent
organisms that are present at different
points in time.
10. Nodes close to the top represent
recent speciation events.
CLADOGRAM
In cladograms, similar
characteristic that come
from a common ancestor
are used to divide
organisms into groups.
There is also an
OUTGROUP in a
cladogram that is a
comparator organism
outside the group being
studied; used in
identifying ancestral
traits.
Regression and Correlation in the REGRESSION IN
SYSTEMATICS
Analysis of Biological Data 1. descriptively (to
show the relations of
one variable upon
the other),
2. correctively (to
permit samples
differing in an
important causal
variable to be
compared for other
variables), and
3. explanatory device
(to relate character
variation to climatic
or other ecological
factors)
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING IN CATALOGUING AND
DATA-HANDLING ASPECTS OF SYSTEMATICS
Let’s practice! 1. What trait do all of these
animal species have in common
with one another?
2. Which species evolved first?
3. What trait separates sharks
and ray-finned fish from each
other?
4. What are the only types of
animals that have the pre-
orbital fenestra?
5. Which are more closely
Study the related: “primates and
cladogram and rodents”, or “primates and
answer the amphibians”? How do you
questions. know?
 There are multiple lines
of evidence that are
used in constructing
evolutionary trees:
1. Anatomical features
of fossils and existing
What evidence is used
organisms
in coming up with this
cladogram? 2. Behaviors
3. Physiological
adaptations
4. Molecular sequences
USING THE TABLE, CREATE CLADOGRAMS TO SHOW EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG
ORGANISMS. (WRITE THE TABLE AND DRAW A CLADOGRAM ON ONE WHOLE PAPER)

ROW 1,4 and 9

USING THE TABLE, CREATE CLADOGRAMS TO SHOW EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG
ORGANISMS. (WRITE THE TABLE AND DRAW A CLADOGRAM ON ONE WHOLE PAPER)

ROW 2,5 and 8

USING THE TABLE, CREATE CLADOGRAMS TO SHOW EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG

ROW 3, 6,7 and 10

ORGANISMS. (WRITE THE TABLE AND DRAW A CLADOGRAM ON ONE WHOLE PAPER)
RELEVANCE OF SYSTEMATICS
 Cytochrome c is a protein found in
mitochondria. It is used in the study of
evolutionary relationships because
most animals have this protein.
Cytochrome c is made of 104 amino
acids joined together.
This table lists the amino acids in part
of cytochrome protein molecule for 9
different animals. Any sequences
exactly the same for all animals have
been skipped.

ASSIGNMENT : BACK OF ONE

WHOLE PAPER USED IN
CLADOGRAM
Create a Cladogram from the table you
have made on differences on number of
amino acids of representative organisms.
MATCHING TYPE
1. Method of grouping organisms; arranging entities into some
type of order to provide a system for cataloguing and expressing Hierarchy
relationships between these entities

2. A system of organizing groups into ranks according to status;

putting groups at various levels according to importance or power Classification
3. The formal naming of taxa according to some standardized
system. Identification
4. The process of associating an unknown taxon with a known one

5. the assignment of features or attributes (characters) to a taxon Taxonomy

6. the theory and practice of classifying organisms
Nomenclature

Description
Taxonomy is a major part of systematics that
includes

description,
identification,
nomenclature and
classification
SYSTEMATICS

description,
identification,
nomenclature
Classification, and
PHYLOGENY
 ‘All the real knowledge we
have depends on the method
by which we distinguish the
similar from the dissimilar.
The greater the number of
natural distinctions we
make, the clearer becomes
“join the similar to the similar, and to separate the our idea of things.
dissimilar from the dissimilar in nature”
-Linnaeus’ system of classification or the
Linnaean taxonomy.