UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION
TO RESEARCH
 RESEARCH = RE + SEARCH

Research means a scientific and systematic search

for pertinent information on a specific topic.

Meaning It is an art of scientific investigation.

of
Research means systematic method of finding
Research: solutions to a problem

It a movement from known to unknown.

Research means contribution to the existing body

of knowledge.
 According to Clifford Woody :
• Research comprises defining and
redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggested solutions,
Definitions collecting, organizing and evaluating data:
making deductions and reaching
of conclusions and at last carefully testing the
Research: conclusions to determine whether they fit
the formulating hypothesis”.

According to Redman and Mory :

• A systematic effort to gain new
knowledge.
 Directed towards finding solution to a problem.

Based upon observable evidences.

Involves precise observation and accurate descriptions.

Emphasis only development of theories, principles and

Characteristics generalizations.

of Characterized by systematic objective and logical

procedures.
Research
Required patience, courage as it is on going process.

Requires in depth knowledge of the problem being studied.

Requires writing skills for research reports/articles.

Curiosity

Open minded

Nonbiased Essential
Capacity to take pains
qualities of
a
Creativity researcher:
Honesty

Courage
The role of Research in several fields of applied economics whether
related to business or to the economy.

Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our
economic systems.

Research has its special significance in solving various operational and

planning problems of business and industry.
Scope
Research is equally important for social scientists.
and
To those students who are to write a masters or Ph.D thesis.

To professionals in research methodology, research may mean a

source of livelihood.
Importance
To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the outlet for
new ideas and insights.
of
To analysts and intellectuals, literary men and women research
may mean the development of new ideas and theories.

Research is useful for solving complex business problems.

Research
Research facilitates decision making.
To gain familiarity with a
situation

To achieve new insights

Objectives
To portray accurately the
characteristics of a particular
individual or a situation of
To determine the frequency
with which something occurs
Research

To test hypothesis of a
relationship between
variables
Applied Research : it is associated with a particular problem or
project. It is concerned with real life. It aims at finding a solution for
an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business
organizations. Applied Research is the research that is designed to
solve specific practical problems or answer certain questions.
E.g., Human behavior, Economic and political trends, marketing
research. An investigation to identify the healing properties of a
specific herb. An investigation to identify the side effects of using a
particular drug.
Types of
Fundamental Research : It is original or basic . It is also known as
theoretical research. It may be entirely a new discovery of knowledge.
Research
The main objective of fundamental research is to produce knowledge
and understanding in relation to natural phenomena. Basic Research
refers to the study that is aimed at expanding the existing base of
scientific knowledge.
E.G. A study looking at how alcohol consumption impacts the
brain. A study to discover the components making up human DNA.
A study accessing whether stress levels make people more
aggressive. A study looking to see if gender stereotypes lead to
depression.
Descriptive Research: It includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of
different kinds. Descriptive research is usually defined as a type
of quantitative research, though qualitative research can also be used
for descriptive purposes.
For example, a researcher researching the income of the employees
in a company, and the relationship with their performance. A survey
will be carried out to gather enough data about the income of the
employees, then their performance will be evaluated and compared
to their income.
Types of
Analytical Research :The research uses facts or information already
available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
Analytical research is a specific type of research that involves critical
Research
thinking skills and the evaluation of facts and information relative to the
research being conducted. A variety of people including students,
doctors and psychologists use analytical research during studies to find
the most relevant information.
E.G Examining the fluctuations of U. S. international trade balance
during 1974-1995 is an example of descriptive research;
while explaining why and how U.S. trade balance move in a
particular way over time is an example of analytical research.
Analytical research focuses on cause and effect.
 Laboratory research or simulation research: It depends on the
environment in which it is carried out.

Types
of Clinical or diagnostic research: It follows case study methods
or in-depth approaches to reach the root cause.

Research
Exploratory research: Exploratory research is a methodology approach that
explores research questions that have not previously been studied in depth. It is
often used when the issue you're studying is new .It focuses on development of
hypotheses rather than testing.
Exploratory studies usually create scope for future research and the future research
may have a conclusive design. For example, 'a study into the implications of
COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy’ . The goal of exploratory research is
to formulate problems, clarify concepts, and form hypotheses.
 Quantitative Research: It is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is
applicable to phenomenon that is expressed in terms of quantity. Quantitative research
is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can be used to find patterns and
averages, make predictions, test causal relationships, and generalize results to wider
populations

Types Qualitative Research: Qualitative research relies on data obtained by the researcher from
first-hand observation, interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, participant-observation,
recordings made in natural settings, documents, case studies, and artifacts. The data are
generally non numerical. It is concerned with qualitative phenomena. This type of research

of designed to find out how people feel or what they think about a particular subject or
institution. It is important in behavioral sciences.

Research Conceptual Research: It is related to some abstract ideas or theory. Generally used by
philosophers and thinker to develop new concepts or reinterpret existing one. It does not in
experiments. E.g., motivational theories

Empirical Research: It relies on verifiable evidence found through observation and/or

experimentation. It involves practical experimentation and conclusions are based on
observables. It involves practical experimentation and conclusions are based on
observations. It is data-based research.
Types of Research
• Historical Research: It is that which utilizes historical sources like
documents, remains to study events or ideas of past, including the
philosophy of persons and groups.
• Experimental Research: Experimental research is a kind of study that rigidly
follows a scientific research design. It involves testing or attempting to
prove a hypothesis by way of experimentation. As such, it uses one or more
independent variables, manipulating them and then using them on one or
more dependent variables.
• Longitudinal research: It is carried on over the period.
• One time research: It is confined to a single time period.
Quantitative Approach: It involves
generation of data in quantitative
form which can be subjected to
rigorous quantitative analysis in a
formal and rigid fashion.
RESEARCH

APPROACHES
Qualitative Approach: It is concerned
with subjective assessment of
attitudes, opinions and behavior.
Focus group interviews, projective
techniques and depth interview are
used.
PROCESS OF RESEARCH:
FORMULATING
COLLECTING THE EXECUTION OF
THE RESEARCH
DATA THE PROJECT
PROBLEM

EXTENSIVE
DETERMINING ANALYSIS OF
LITERATURE
SAMPLE SIZE DATA
SUREY

DEVELOPMENT PREPARING THE

HYPOTHESIS
OF WORKING RESEARCH
TESTING
HYPOTHESIS DESIGN

10. INTERPRETATION
11. PREPARATION OF THE REPORT
 The purpose of the
research should be clearly
defined, and common
concepts should be used.

The research procedure

Research should be used should be described
systematic, logical and in sufficient details to
replicable. permit another researcher
to repeat the research.

Criteria of
Good
Conclusions should be
justified properly.
The procedural design of
the research should be
carefully planned to yield
results.
Research:

The researcher should

report with complete
The validity and reliability
frankness, flaws in
of the data should be
procedural design and
checked carefully.
estimate their effects upon
the findings.
 Lack of scientific training

Lack of well equipped Resistance to share

and updated libraries required information

Challenges
Difficulty of timely Lack of coordination
availability of published between industries and
data educational institutions

faced by the
Scholarships or funding Overlapping of research
researchers:
constraints studies

Lack of a code of conduct

Poor time management
for researchers

Inadequate secretarial
assistance
Explain Explain the process of research with suitable examples .

Question
Discuss
Bank:
Discuss various types of research with suitable examples.

Objectives of research
Short • Importance of research
• Criterial of a good research
notes • Challenges of a researcher
• Essential qualities of a researcher
• Characteristics of research