Digital Image

Processing
 Reference Books
“Digital Image Processing”, Rafael C. Gonzalez & Richard
E. Woods.
What is an Image?
• An image may be defined as a two
dimensional function f(x,y) where x and y
are spatial coordinates and amplitude of f
at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called
the intensity or Graylevel of the image at
that point.
 Digital Image

• When x,y and the amplitude values

of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we
call the image a Digital Image.
• A digital Image is composed of a
finite number of elements each of which
has a particular location and value
• These elements are referred to as Picture
Elements, Image Elements, Pels or
Pixels
Digital Image
 What is Image Processing
• The term image processing is
commonly confused with what is actually
“image editing” or “digital imaging”.
– Image editing is basically manipulating
images using an existing software such
as Adobe Photoshop® or Corel Paint®.
 What is Image Processing
• Digital image processing however, deals
with the
– conception, design, development of new or
enhancement of existing programs to process
digital images (Burger and Burge, 2008).
• Interest in digital image processing methods stems from
two principle application areas:
– Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation
and
– Processing of scene data for autonomous machine perception.
 Digital Image Processing

• The DIP field refers to processing

Digital Images by means of Digital
Computer
 Why Do We Process Images?

 Facilitate picture storage and

transmission
– Efficiently store an image in a digital camera
– Send an image through mobile phone

 Enhance and restore images

– Remove scratches from an old photo
– Improve visibility of tumor in a radiograph
 Why do we Process Images?
• Extract information from images
– Measure water pollution from aerial
images
– Measure the 3D distances and heights
of objects from stereo images.
• Prepare for display or printing
– Adjust image size
Image Processing Examples
Photo Restoration

Damaged Image Restored Image

 Image Processing Examples

Photo Colorization

Original B/W Image Colorized Image Original Image Colorized Image

Image Processing Examples
Photo Colorization
Image Processing Examples

Original Images Enhanced Images

 Image Processing Examples

Restoration of Image from Hubble Space Telescope

Faulty Image of Recovered Image

Saturn
Image Processing Examples
Halftoning
Image Processing Examples
Halftoning
 Image Processing Examples

Extraction of Settlement Area from an Aerial

image

Faulty Image of Recovered Image

Saturn
 Image Processing Examples

Earthquake Analysis from

Space

Image shows the ground displacement of a typical area due to

earthquake
 Image Processing Examples
Stereo Images from
Satellite

Image shows the ground displacement of a typical area due to

earthquake
Image Processing Examples
 Image Processing Examples
Face Detection

Image shows the ground displacement of a typical area due to

earthquake
 Image Processing Examples
Face Tracking

Image shows the ground displacement of a typical area due to

earthquake
 Image Processing Examples
Face Morphing

Faulty Image of Recovered Image

Saturn
 Image Processing Examples
Fingerprint Recognition

Faulty Image of Recovered Image

Saturn
Application: Medical Imaging

Scan Data Model Fitting

Resulting Kidney and

Prototype Kidney Model
spinal cord instance
 – In addition to applications in other fields, digital
image processing techniques are now being used
to solve a variety of problems.
• Medical Sciences: contrast enhancement or color
coding of intensity levels of x-ray or other bio-medical
images
• Geography and Environmental Sciences: Study
of pollution patterns, urban growth, changes in the
paths of the rivers etc. can be improved by using aerial
and satellite imagery.

Multi-spectral satellite image of

hurricane Andrew just before
hitting the coastline.
• History and Archeological Studies: Image
processing methods have successfully restored blurred
pictures that were the only available records of rare artifacts
lost, or damaged after being photographed.
• Physics and Related Fields: Computer
techniques routinely enhance images obtained from
experiments too expensive to be duplicated
• Other Successful Application Areas:
• Astronomy
• Biology, Nuclear Medicine
• Law Enforcement
• Defense Applications
• Industrial Applications
– Interest is focused on developing
procedures for extracting
information from an image, in a form
suitable for computer processing
– The information thus extracted bears
little resemblance to visual features
that human beings use for
interpreting the contents of an image.
• Typical Problems Encountered
• Automatic character recognition
• Industrial machine vision for product
assembly and inspection
• Military recognisance
• Processing and decision making based
on pictorial data sensed by a mobile robot
• Machine processing of aerial and satellite
imagery for weather prediction and crop
assessment
• CT / X-ray image based medical diagnostic
systems
 Human Visual Perception
• Digital Image Processing is field built
on the foundations of mathematical and
probabilistic formulations.
• However, human intuition and analysis
play an important role in the choice of
one technique over another.
– It is important to develop a basic
understanding of human visual perception
• For example, we would like to know:
– How the image is formed in the eye?
– What are the physical limitations of
human vision in terms of resolution and
ability to adapt to changes in illumination
Some Research Projects
 Monitoring Human Behavior from
Video Taken in an Office
Environment
• A system which makes context-based
decisions about the actions of people in
a room. These actions include entering,
using a computer terminal, opening a
cabinet, picking up a phone, etc.

Source: http://server.cs.ucf.edu/~vision/
MONITORING HEAD/EYE MOTION
FOR DRIVER ALERTNESS
 MONITORING FAST FOOD
PRODUCTION
• The purpose of the project is to automatically
monitor a fast food employee as she puts
together a sandwich. Helpful in determining
correctness of sandwich assembly, collecting
statistics on employee performance and food
safety inspection.
Tracking Human Motion
DETECTION OF ARMED
ROBBERY
 PERSON-ON-PERSON
VIOLENCE DETECTION IN
VIDEO DATA
Image Processing Steps
DIP Course

 Digital Image Fundamentals and Image Acquisition

(briefly)
 Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
– Pixel operations
 – Histogram processing
– Filtering
Image Enhancement in Frequency Domain
– Transformation and reverse transformation
 – Frequency domain filters
– Homomorphic filtering
Image Restoration
– Noise reduction techniques
– Geometric transformations
DIP Course

 Color Image Processing

– Color models
– Pseudocolor image processing
– Color transformations and color segmentation
 Wavelets and Multi-Resolution Processing
– Multi-resolution expansion
– Wavelet transforms, etc.
• Image Compression
– Image compression models
– Error free compression
– Lossy compression, etc
DIP Course

 Image Segmentation
– Edge, point and boundary detection
– Thresholding
– Region based segmentation, etc
 Morphological Image Processing
– Dilation and erosion
– Opening closing
– Hit or miss transformation
– Basic morphological algorithms