Relational Algebra

M.Y Abdur Rahman

  It is a procedural query language [which takes instances of
relations as input and yields instances of relations as output].
 It uses operators to perform queries.
 Operator can be either,
Relational  Unary
 Binary
algebra  Relational algebra is performed recursively on a relation and
intermediate results are also considered relations.
  The fundamental operations of relational algebra are as follows −
• Selection

Relational •
•
Projection
Union
algebra cont.., •
•
Intersection
Rename
  It selects tuples that satisfy the given predicate from a relation.
[it is used to select or retrieve data from a relation that satisfies a
particular selection condition.]

Selection
Selection operator
Relation

operation 𝜎 ¿ 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 >( 𝑅 )

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

a particular data
retrieved from a
relation
(=,>,<,=>,=<)
  Question 01: select the Department tuples whose department id is
d03.

𝜎 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑑
′
¿ 𝑑 03 ′
( 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 )

Question  Question 02: select the Department tuples whose department

number is d03 and have the department income amount greater
than of 30000.

𝜎 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 ¿ ′ 𝑑 03 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒> 30000 ( 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 )

𝑖𝑑
  Question 02: select the Department tuples whose department
number is d03 and with department income amount greater than
of 30000 or d05 and with department income amount greater than
of 25000

𝜎 ( 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡
Question ❑( 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡
𝑖𝑑

′
¿′ 𝑑 03′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 > 30000 ) 𝑜𝑟
′
𝑖𝑑 ¿ 𝑑 05 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 >25000 ) ( 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 )
  It projects column(s) that satisfy a given predicate.
 Duplicate rows are automatically eliminated, as relation is a set

projection
Projection operator
Relation

operation 𝜋 ¿ 𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡 > ¿( 𝑅) ¿

a particular data
retrieved from a
relation
(=,>,<,=>,=<)
  Question 01: List the following from the department table.
Department id, name, income

𝜋 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑑
, 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒 , 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 ( 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 )

Question  Question 02: list in the Department tuples whose department

number is d03 and have the department income amount greater
than of 30000.

𝜋 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 ( 𝜎 ¿ ¿ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑖𝑑 ¿′ 𝑑 03 ′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 >30000 ) ( 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ) ¿

𝑖𝑑
  The results of relational algebra are also relations but without any
name. The rename operation allows us to rename the output
relation

rename
Rename operator
Old Relation name

operation
𝜌 𝑠( 𝑎 1 , 𝑎 2 , 𝑎𝑛) ( 𝑅 )

New relation name attributes

  Question : rename student table as softstudent.

𝜌 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 )

Question  Question : rename name in student table as st_fnama.

𝜌 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒 / 𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒
( 𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 )
  Question : select the student first name and last name of all the
student who are studying in the IT division.

𝜋 𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒 , 𝑠 𝑡 ¿ 𝑙𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒 ( 𝜎 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡 ′ ′ ( 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 ) )

𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒 ¿ 𝐼 𝑇

Question  Question : use the rename operator to store the and answer in a
temp location called stsoft. As a relation.

𝜌 𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡
[𝜎 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒 ¿ 𝐼 𝑇
′ ′ ( 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 ) ]
  It performs binary union between two given relations.
 Where r and s are either database relations or relation result set
(temporary relation).
 For a union operation to be valid, the following conditions must
union hold −
• r, and s must have the same number of attributes.
operation • Attribute domains must be compatible.
• Duplicate tuples are automatically eliminated.

r U s = { t | t ∈ r or t ∈ s}
  Question :Predict the names of the students who have either
passed in both IT or in history or both.

𝜋 𝐼𝑇 ( 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 ) ∪ 𝜋 𝐻𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 (𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 )

questions  Question :Retrieve branch and section of student from table

student1 and student2.

𝜋 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐h , 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ( 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 ) ∪ 𝜋 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐h ,𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ( 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 2)

  It displays the common values in R1 & R2. It is denoted by ∩.
 In relational algebra if R1 and R2 are two instances of relation
then,
 R1 ∩ R2 ={ x | x€ R1 and x € R2}
 That is, the intersection of R1 and R2 only those tuples will be
intersection present that are in both R1 and R2

operation
𝜋 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑛𝑜 ( 𝑅 1 ) ∩ 𝜋 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑛𝑜 ( 𝑅 2 )
  Question : Find all the customers whose account is in the bank and
have taken out a loan.

question

𝜋 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒 ( 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 ) ∩ 𝜋 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒 ( 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 )

  Question 01: write a SQL function to accept 2 integer values and
to return sum of the value?
create function sum(@a int, @b int)
returns int
as
begin
SQL function return @a+@b
end;

select dbo.sum(6,4);
 Question 02: write a function to update the status of the
employee table by multiplying a value passed as a parameter?

create function statusupdte(@status int, @val int)

returns int
as
begin
return @status* @val
end;

select dbo.statusupdte(status,4)
from employee;
  Question 01: Write a stored procedure to select all from the
employee table.

SQL stored
procedure
 Question 02: Write a stored procedure to select all details of the
employee who is having the salary amount 15000 employee table.