4 Explain the forms and functions of state and non-state institutions.

8 Examine the functions and importance of education in the society.

4 Examine the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification
systems using sociological perspectives.
4 Explain government programs and initiatives in addressing social
inequalities e.g. local, national, global
4 Suggest ways to address social inequalities (local, national and global)
8 Examine human responses to emerging challenges in contemporary
societies.
Forms and Functions of State
and Non-state Institution
State Institutions
a. identify the different forms and functions
of state and non-state institutions;
b. describe each form of state and non-state
institutions;
c. explain how state and non-state institutions
function.
STATE
• A state is an organized political community
acting under a government and united by
common set of laws. It uses absolute
power in directing the path of a society.
• It also uses complete political
coerciveness, which may come in the form
of armed forces personnel, stricter laws,
and rigid government policies in order to
attain its societal goals and objectives.
The concept of the state is
different from the concept of
government. A government is the
particular group of people that
controls the state at a given time.
In other words, governments are
the means through which the state
power us employed like applying
the rule of law.
The concept of the state is also different
from the concept of a nation, which refers
to a large geographical area and the people
therein who perceives themselves as having
a common identity. The state is a political
geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural
or ethnic entity.
The State intends to be a strong actor in the
performance of the three important political functions.
The state, in full form,
1. maintains control over violence in its domain
2. allocates resources and rewards at its discretion, and
3. stands as the major focus of identity for the large
majority of the people under its authority.
Elements of the States
1. Population. It is the people who
make the state. Population is essential
for the state. Without population there
can be no State.
2. Territory. There can be no state
without a fixed territory. People need
territory to live and organize
themselves socially and politically. It
may be remembered that the territory
of the states includes land, water and
airspace.
3. Government. It is the organization or
machinery or agency of the State which
makes, implements, enforces, and adjudicates
the laws of the state.
4. Sovereignty. It is the most exclusive
element of the State. Without sovereignty, no
state can exist. The state has the exclusive title
and prerogative to exercise supreme power
over all its people and territory. It is the basis
on which the State regulates all aspects of the
life of the people living in its territory.
Forms of States

a. Authoritarian
Government
Authoritarian governments
differ in who holds power
and in how control they
assume over those who
govern. An example of this
type is Monarchy.
Monarchy is a form of
government in which
supreme power is
absolutely lodged with an
individual, who is the head
of the state, often for life or
until abdication.
Totalitarianism is a political
system that strives to regulate
nearly every aspect of public
and private life. It
theoretically permits no
individual freedom and that
seeks to subordinate all
aspects of individual life to
the authority of the state.
b. Oligarchic Government
An oligarchy is a form of
government in which power
effectively rests with a small-
elite segment of society
distinguished by royalty, wealth,
family, military, or religious
hegemony. An oligarchy does not
have one clear ruler, but several
powerful people who rule. One
common example is theocracy.
Theocracy is a government by
divine guidance or by official who
are regarded as divinely guided.
Leaders are members of the clergy,
and the state’s legal system is
based on religious law.
Contemporary examples of
theocracies include Saudi Arabia,
Iran, and the Vatican.
c. Democratic Government
Democracy is a form of
government in which the
right to governs is held by
the majority of citizens
within a country or a state.
The two principles of
democracy are that all
citizens have equal access to
power and that all citizens
enjoy universally recognized
freedoms and liberties.
Roles of the States
1. State provides security against external aggressions and war. For this
purpose, the state maintains an army.
2. State ensures security against internal disturbances disorders and
crimes. For this purpose, the state maintains police.
3. State legally grants and guarantees the rights of the people.
4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage.
5. State undertakes steps for the creation of necessary conditions for the
socio-economic-politico-cultural development of the people.
6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests and rights.
7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and economic relations.
8. State secures the goals of national interest in international relations
Nonstate
Institution
s
Learning Targets
At the end of the lesson, the learner is expected
to:
Describe non-state Distinguish Understand the
Identify non- institutions in importance of non-
state functions of non-
terms of their state institutions to
state institutions in
institutions in distinct the society; and
the growth of a
the society; characteristics; country’s economy.
Nonstate Institutions Main functions:
1. Banks – a 1. Depository of savings
financial institution
licensed to receive 2. Largely responsible
deposits and make for payment systems
loans. 3. Issue loans to both
 provides people and companies
financial
services, Two Types of
such as Banks:
wealth
management a. Commerci
, currency al/Retail
exchange Banks
and safe b. Investment
deposit Banks
boxes.
2. Corporations
 Firm that meets certain legal requirements to be recognized as
having a legal existence, as an entity separate and distinct from its
owners.
 These are owned by their stockholders (shareholders) who share in
profits and losses generated through the firm's operations.
Three Distinct Characteristics:
a. Legal existence - a firm can (like a person) buy, sell, own, enter
into a contract, and sue other persons and firms, and be sued by
them. It can do good and be rewarded, and can commit offence
and be punished.
b. Limited liability - a firm and its owners are limited in their
liability to the creditors and other obligors only up to the resources
of the firm, unless the owners give personal guaranties.
c. Continuity of Existence – a firm can live beyond the life spans
and capacity of its owners, because its ownership can be transferred
through a sale or gift of shares.
Types of Corporations:

1. Whether or not they

can issue stock

2. Whether or not they

are for profit
3. Cooperatives
 Firm owned, controlled,
and operated by a group of
users for their own benefit.
 Each member contributes
equity capital, and shares
in the control of the firm
on the basis of one-
member, one-vote
principle (and not in
proportion to his or her
equity contribution).
They play a critical role in building community wealth for several
reasons:
1. Often provide quality goods and services to areas shunned by
traditional businesses
2. Typically invests in local businesses
3. Business profits remain and circulate within the community
4. Members builds social networks and strengthens social cohesion
5. Purchasing cooperatives helps small local businesses remain
competitive within markets dominated by large national retailers
6. Worker cooperatives create quality, empowering jobs for
community members
4 . Trade Union
 an organization whose membership consists of workers and union
leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests.
Principal Purposes are to:
 negotiate wages and working condition terms,
 regulate relations between workers (its members) and the
employer,
 take collective action to enforce the terms of collective
bargaining,
 raise new demands on behalf of its members, and
 help settle their grievances
Trade Union may be:

a. A company union that represents interests of only

one company and may not have any connection
with other unions. Also called house union, a
company union is often a bogus one and generally
illegal.
b. A general union that represents workers from
several companies in the same industry. Also called
industry union.
c. A craft union that represents skilled workers in
particular field such as carpentry or welding.
5 . Transnational Advocacy Groups

 Do not rely on traditional bases of power like military or

economic muscle.
 In the traditional sense of “power” within the international
arena, advocacy networks are relatively “weak” players.
 However, these groups have become increasingly
influential. They have become major players on the field
of international politics.
 The larger approach of transnational advocacy groups has not
been to simply force their way into international politics-as-
usual. Rather, they have sought to change the way the game is
played in international politics.

 They reshape the terms of international debate. They redefine

and sometimes create the issues that gain international
attention.

 They work to realign alliances and coalitions of powerful

players. In short, they change fundamentally the way that
international policy and practice occurs.
6 . Development Agencies
 An agency whose goal is to help develop and support
economic growth within a specified city, region or
state by providing necessary resources and assistance .
 They are public, private or most often a public/private
partnership, and their purpose is to promote economic
growth and development in the areas they serve.
 They accomplish that by encouraging new businesses
to locate in their area, and to do that, they've gathered
all the statistics and information you'll need to make a
decision.
Economic development agencies will help any
business, regardless of size, in four primary
ways:

 Market demographics
 Real estate costs and availability; zoning a d
regulatory issues
 Workforce demographics
 Referrals to similar companies and other
resources
7. International Organizations
 A body that promotes voluntary cooperation and coordination
between or among its members.
 There are many types of international organizations, but one way
of categorizing them is to distinguish between intergovernmental
organizations and supranational organizations.
 The European Union (EU) is partly an intergovernmental
organization and partly a supranational organization.
 intergovernmental - occurring between or involving to or
more governments
 supranational - involving more than one country
Roles:

1. Help to set the

international agenda
2. Mediate political
bargaining
3. Provide place for political
initiatives and act as
catalysts for coalition-
formation
References
Books
Serapio, M. (2016) Understanding Society, Culture & Politics. MINDSHAPERS CO.,
INC.
Atienza, et. Al (2016) Understanding Society, Culture & Politics: for Senior High
School. C & E Publishing Inc.
Lanuza, G. & Raymundo, S. (2016) ) Understanding Society, Culture & Politics. Rex
Bookstore
Websites
http://www.investopedia.com/
https://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/economic-development-agency
http://carleton.ca/ces/eulearning/introduction