Temperature Control

and Ventilation
By: Ms. Haynes
Content
• What is Heat ? • Alcohol Thermometer
• What is Temperature? • The Effect of Temperature
• The Scales of Temperature • Method of Heat Transfer
• Fahrenheit • Conduction
• Celsius • Convection
• Kelvin • Radiation
• Thermometer • Thermostats
• Laboratory Thermometer • Ventilation
• Clinical Thermometer • The Cooling Effect of
• Maximum and Minimum Evaporation
Thermometer • Factors that may affect
• Mercury Thermometer Evaporation
What is Heat ?
• Heat is a form of energy.
• Heat can be transferred from one place to
another.
• It is also known as thermal or internal energy.
• Heat always transfers from a hotter place to a
colder place.
What is temperature ?
• Temperature is the intensity or the degree of
heat in an object or substance.
• Temperature is also described as the amount of
heat energy in a substance.
The Scales of Temperature
There are several different scales of temperature;
• The Fahrenheit scale
• The Celsius Scale
• The Kelvin scale
The Fahrenheit Scale
• Fahrenheit temperature scale is a scale based on
32˚F for the freezing point of water and 212˚F for
the boiling point of water, the interval between
the two being divided into 180 parts.
The Celsius Scale
• Celsius temperature scale also called centigrade
temperature scale, is the scale based on 0˚C for
the freezing point of water and 100˚C for the
boiling point of water.
• The Celsius scale is a part of the metric system.
• The metric system, including Celsius, is the
official system of measurement for almost all
countries in the world.
• Most scientific fields measure temperature using
the Celsius scale.
The Kelvin Scale
• The Kelvin scale uses the same unit of division as the
Celsius scale; however, it resets the zero point to
absolute zero: -273.15˚C. This is the temperature at
which objects have no heat energy.
• The freezing point of water is therefore 273.15 Kelvins
(graduations are called Kelvins on the scale and neither
the term "degree" nor the symbol º is used), and 373.15
K is the boiling point of water.
• The Kelvin scale is used by physicists and other scientists
who need to record very precise temperatures.
Thermometer
A thermometer is the instrument used to measure
temperature. The thermometers we are familiar
with usually contain a liquid inside a glass tube. The
liquid expands when it gets hotter and rises up the
tube. These are called liquid in glass thermometers.
Three examples of liquid in glass thermometers are:
• Laboratory Thermometer
• Clinical Thermometer
• Maximum and Minimum Thermometers
Laboratory Thermometer
• The liquid in the fine bore (space) in the center of
the thermometer expands as it gets hotter. It moves
up the tubes as it does so. It moves an equal
amount for each ˚C hotter it gets.
• The thermometer must be read whilst the
thermometer is in the substance being checked.
Clinical Thermometer
• This is the thermometer specifically designed for
measuring the temperature of the human body,
so it is only necessary for it to have a range of a
few degrees on either side of the normal body
temperature.
• The thermometer is generally placed beneath
the patient’s tongue and left there for at least
two minutes to ensure it fully acquires the
body’s temperature.
Clinical Thermometer
• It has a much finer bore so that temperatures can be read at
0.1˚ C.
• Has a narrow constriction which prevents the liquid from
returning to normal position immediately the thermometer
is removed from the mouth.
• A pear- shaped cross-section magnifies the thread of
mercury and the scale, making the thermometer easier to
read.
Maximum and Minimum
Thermometer
• This thermometer contains both
mercury and alcohol. As the alcohol
gets hotter and expands it pushes
the mercury around the ‘U’ shaped
tube.
• It can read the maximum ( during
the day) and the minimum (during
the night) over 24 hours.
Maximum and Minimum
Thermometer
• The highest temperature pushes
the mercury furthest round the
tube. As the temperature drops
and the mercury returns, it
leaves the metal index on the
right in this high position.
• The lowest temperature
contracts the alcohol which pulls
the mercury back round the
tube. As it warms up again it
leaves behind the metal index on
the left in the lowest position.
Digital Thermometers
• Digital thermometers work by using heat
sensors that determine body
temperature.
• They can be used to take temperature
readings in the mouth, rectum, or
armpit.
• When assessing digital thermometer
readings, keep in mind that armpit
(axillary) temperature runs about ½ to
1°F (0.6°C) cooler than oral readings.
Rectal thermometers run ½ to 1°F (0.6°C)
warmer than oral readings.
Mercury Thermometers
• A Mercury thermometer consists of mercury-filled in a
glass capillary tube where a temperature scale is marked
in degree Celsius or Fahrenheit. The mercury inside the
tube expands or contracts based on the changes in
temperature readings.
Alcohol Thermometers
• The Alcohol thermometer or spirit thermometer is an
alternative to the mercury-in-glass thermometer, and
functions in a similar way. But unlike a mercury-in-glass
thermometer, the contents of an alcohol thermometer
are less toxic and will evaporate away fairly quickly.
• An organic liquid is contained in a glass bulb which is
connected to a capillary of the same glass and the end is
sealed with an expansion bulb.
• The space above the liquid is a mixture of nitrogen and
the vapor of the liquid.
The Effect of Temperature
• Everything is made of particles – either atoms or
molecules. When these particles become hotter,
they move more. (increase in kinetic energy)
• The extra heat might just mean a little extra
vibration or it might mean the particle escaping
from all other particles near it and moving
around on its own. It depends on how much
energy it had to begin with.
The Effect of Temperature
• The particles of a solid do not move a lot. They
just vibrate a little but stay in more or less the
same place. As the temperature increases they
vibrate more
The Effect of Temperature
• The particles of a liquid have more energy than a
solid . They have more energy to move around
within the liquid – but they can’t escape from
the liquid.
The Effect of Temperature
• Particles of a gas have more energy than a liquid.
Gas particles can move any distance in any
direction until they bump into something that
stops them.
Methods of Heat Transfer
There are three main ways in which heat is moved
around:
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
Conduction and Convection involve the particles of
a substance transferring the heat. Radiation does
not.
Conduction
• Conduction is the transfer of heat between
substances that are in direct contact with
each other.
• When a substance is heated, particles will
gain more energy, and vibrate more.
• These particles collide and transfer energy.
The one that has the most energy to begin
with is most likely to transfer energy to the
other. So the cooler particle gains energy and
becomes hotter.
Conduction

1. Taking a Hot Bath – water 2. Drinking a Cold Water – The

particles touch your skin. They cold liquid particles and ice
have more energy (hotter) than particles touch the particles in
the particles in your skin and so your cheek cells or tongue cells.
transfer heat to them. The particles in your tongue and
cheek have more energy and so
transfer energy to liquid and ice.
Because they lose energy, your
tongue and cheek ‘feel cold’
Conduction

3. Boiling water in a pan – Particles in the base

of the pan touch the hot plate. Heat is
transferred to the base of the pan. Particles of
water in the pan touch the base. Energy is
again transferred.
Convection
• In this method of heat transfer, the hot particles
carry the heat around with them from place to
place.
• Convection can only occur in liquids and gases as
the particles in solids cannot move.
• Over a period of time ‘hot particles’ in a liquid or
a gas will move around and spread themselves
out until all of liquid or gas is equally hot.
Convection

1. Boiling water in a pan - The

2. Use of Convection Heater –
cold water at the bottom heats up
The heater blows hot air into the
from the energy from the burner,
lower part of a room. Because
and rises up. As the hot water
warm air is less dense, it rises
rises, the cold water rushes in to
and the colder air sinks and is
replace it, which results in motion
extracted.
in the circular fashion.
Convection

3. Sea Breezes – During the day, hot air over the land rises and
sucks in cooler air from the sea to replace it. At night, the air is
warmer over the sea. The air rises and sucks in cooler air from the
land to replace it.
Radiation
• In this method of heat transfer, no atoms or molecules are
involved.
• This energy has an electric field and a magnetic field
associated with it and has wave-like properties. You could also
call radiation “electromagnetic waves”
• A hot body gives off a continuous stream of radiant energy
(rays). When this strikes another body, its particles absorb the
energy and become hotter. Heat is transferred millions and
millions of miles through empty space by radiation.
 Radiation

1.Sun Bathing - The radiant energy from 2. The cooker produces radiant
the sun strikes the particles of the skin. energy, which penetrates the
They absorb the energy and become food. The particles in the food
hotter. Sense cells detect the change and absorb the energy and become
nerve impulses are sent to the brain. The hotter. The food is cooked.
brain signals the skin to darken, to try and
protect itself from the sun.
Radiation

3. Warming hands by fire – The heat energy from the

fire strikes the particles in skin. They absorb the energy
and become hotter.
Thermostats
Thermostats are devices that regulate the temperature of
household heating appliances. In households or offices, some
thermostats control the heating system of air conditioners,
electrical irons and ovens to name a few.
A thermostat:
• Detects when the temperature is too low
• Increases the flow of fuel (gas, electricity) to the appliance
• Detect when the temperature is too high
• Decreases the flow of fuel to the appliance
Thermostats
• Some thermostats are made from bimetallic strips. The main
parts of such a thermostat are the knob and the bimetallic
strip. The electrical iron can automatically switch on and off
because of the bimetallic strip of the temperature control.
• thermostat.

Brass expands more when

heated and becomes
longer. The bimetallic strip
bends.
Thermostats
• A bimetallic strip is a strip made from two metals fused.
Some are made from brass and iron fastened together.
• A bimetallic strip is contained in the thermostat. The
current going to the heating element passes through the
bimetallic strip, heating it.
• When the strip becomes too hot, it bends away and the
circuit is broken. When the strip cools, the strip
straightens and contact is made so that the circuit is
reformed.
• Bimetallic strips are also used in ovens and electric water
heaters.
Thermostats

The electrical iron can automatically switch on and off because

of the bimetallic strip of the thermostat.
Ventilation
Ventilation is the movement of air in such a way that fresh
air replaces stale air in an enclosed space. Ventilation
removes excessive heat from enclosed spaces and
replenishes the oxygen supply.
Lack of Ventilation:
• Causes dampness
• Causes heat
• Causes lack of oxygen
• Encourages odors and rapid growth of bacteria
Ventilation
Adequate Ventilation can often be
achieved by:
• Having a number of open windows of
different heights – Air will usually
enter at the lower windows, rise as it is
heated and leave through the higher
windows.
• Fans mounted in the ceiling to assist
the movement of air –The air
movement helps us to lose heat and
keep cool.
Ventilation
• Air conditioning units can maintain the air in the place within
a comfortable range of temperatures. They create air
movement, remove dust and make sure that the air does not
become too humid.

The warm air from the room is

drawn into the unit by a fan;
the air passes
over cooling coils, which cools
it. This cool air is then sent
back into the room at lower
temperatures.
Ventilation
• Humidity is defined as the amount of moisture in the air.
• The amount of water vapor any mass of air can contain
depends on the temperature of that air.
• The warmer the air is, the more water it can hold.
• Humidifiers are devices that emit water vapor or steam to
increase moisture levels in the air (humidity).
Ventilation Ultrasonic
Humidifiers

• Ultrasonic humidifiers produce

a cool mist with ultrasonic Impeller
Humidifiers
vibration.
• Impeller humidifiers produce a
cool mist with a rotating disk.
• Evaporators use a fan to blow
Evaporators
air through a wet wick, filter
or belt.
• Steam vaporizers use
electricity to create steam that
cools before leaving the Steam
machine. Vaporizers
The Cooling Effects of
Evaporation
• Evaporation is the conversion of liquid to vapor, and
energy is needed for this conversion. When we sweat,
excess heat energy of the body causes evaporation and
hence the heat is lost as the vapor moves away from the
skin.
The Cooling Effects of
Evaporation
• Latent heat of vaporization is a physical property of a
substance. It is defined as the heat required to change
one mole of liquid at its boiling point under standard
atmospheric pressure.
• It is expressed as kg/mol or kJ/kg. When a material in the
liquid state is given energy, it changes its phase from
liquid to vapor; the energy absorbed in this process is
called heat of vaporization.
• The heat of vaporization of water is about 2,260 kJ/kg,
which is equal to 40.8 kJ/mol.
The Cooling Effect of
Evaporation
• As water molecules evaporate, the surface they evaporate
from gets cooler, a process called evaporative cooling. This is
because the molecules with the highest kinetic energy are lost
to evaporation.
Factors that may Affect
Evaporation:
• Wind - Evaporation increases with the
increase in wind speed. Vapor particles
move away when the speed of wind
increases. This leads to an increase in
the amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere.
Factors that may Affect
Evaporation:
• Temperature - Evaporation rates are higher at
higher temperatures because as temperature
increases, the amount of energy necessary for
evaporation decreases. In sunny, warm weather the
loss of water by evaporation is greater than in
cloudy and cool weather.
Factors that may Affect
Evaporation:
• Humidity, or water vapor content of the air, also affects
evaporation. The lower the relative humidity, the drier the air,
and the higher the evaporation rate. The more humid the air,
the closer the air is to saturation, and less evaporation can
occur.