April 11, 2024

DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
Name the organs of the digestive system

MOUTH ESOPHAGUS
STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
DIG
ESTI
VE
SYS
TEM
 FUNCTION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. FOR INGESTION- TAKING FOOD THROUGH THE MOUTH.

2. DIGESTION- BREAKING DOWN FOOD INTO SMALLER
MOLECULES THAT CAM ABSORBED BY THE BODY.
3. ABSORPTION-TAKING NUTRIENTS AND WATER FROM
DIGESTED FOOD INTO THE BLOOD STREAM THROUGH THE
WALLS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE.
4. SECRETION- RELEASING DIGESTIVE JUICES, ENZYMES,
HORMONES FOR DIGESTION.
5. STORAGE AND ELIMINATION- STORING FOOD TEMPORARILY
INTO THE STOMACH AND THE MOVING WASTE OUT OF THE
BODY THROUGH DEFECATION.
HOW DIFFERENT ORGANS WORK
TOGETHER?

WHAT IS DIGESTION?

Is the process by which your

body breaks down food into
smaller, absorbable components.
 ROLE OF DIGESTION
PROVIDE ENERGY AND NECESSARY
NUTRIENTS FOR BODILY PROCESSES
SUCH AS;
1.MOVEMENT
2.GROWTH
3. REPAIR
4. REPRODUCTION
 TYPES OF DIGESTION
1. MECHANICAL DIGESTION- breaking down of food into smaller
pieces without changing their chemical composition.
Ex. mouth, stomach,small intestine,(segmentation)

2.CHEMICAL DIGESTION- breaking down of food

into smaller molecules through the action of enzymes
and other chemicals.
Ex. mouth, stomach, small intestine
 ENZYMES
● Act as catalyst, speeding
up chemical reactions in
living organisms.
● Lowering the activation
energy needed for
reaction to occur.
● Play important role in
digestion.
● Examples amylase,
lipase, protease.etc.
 HOW DIFFERENT ORGANS WORK
TOGETHER?

1. MOUTH

*. Start the food is chewed.

* mechanical and chemical digestion
occurs.
AMYLASE- enzymes, present in
saliva, helps breakdown carbohydrates.
 2. PHARYNX
Function; process of swallowing.

● Serves as pathway for the movement

of food from the mouth to the
esophagus.
 3.ESOPHAGUS
Function;
a. transport swallowed food and liquids front he mouth to the stomach through a
series of PERISTALSIS.

PERISTALSIS- is a coordinated muscle contraction and relaxation process that

propels food, liquids through the digestive tract.
B. to facilitate the passage of food and liquids into the digestive system for further
processing.

● Contains SPHINCTERS AT BOTH ENDS TO REGULATE THE FLOW OF

FOOD AND PREVENT BACKFLOW FROM STOMACH INTO THE
ESOPHAGUS.
 STOMACH
Function;
a. Storage- store ingested food,and regulates its release
into small intestine at a controlled rate, ensuring that
digestion and absorption can proceed efficiently.
b. Churns and mixes food with gastric juices , breaking it
down into smaller particles.
c. For chemical digestion
d. Protection-
e. Preparing food for further breakdown and absorption
in the small intestine.
● Gastric juices contain enzymes;
1. PEPSIN - breaks down protein into smaller peptides by
breaking into amino acids.
2. LIPASE - aids digestion of fats by breaking down into fatty
acids and glycerol.
3.Hydrochloric acids - kills bacteria in the stomach.

CHYMES- refers to digested food mixtures that passes from

the stomach into the small intestine.
 SMALL INTESTINE
Function;
a. Extracting nutrients from food and delivering them to the body cell’s for energy,
growth and repair.
b. Digestion- enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver helps breakdown
carbohydrates, proteins and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
c. Absorption- site for nutrient absorption. Such as amino acids, fatty acids,
vitamins, minerals are absorbed through the wall of of small intestine and into
the bloodstream.
d. Water absorption- absorbs water and electrolytes, helping maintain the body’s
fluid balance.
e. Secretion- secretes enzymes and hormones that aid in digestion and regulate
digestive processes.
● J shaped muscular bag stores food
and breakdown it down into tiny
pieces.
● 5 meters long and lies in abdominal
cavity. Surrounded by large intestine
● Final digestion occurs.
● Absorption of nutrients takes place.
● Fingerlike projections that
line the walls of the small
intestine.
● Increase the surface area of
small intestine, allowing
for more efficient
absorption of nutrients into
the bloodstream.
● Ensuring the body receives
the necessary nutrients
from food for various
physiological functions..
 ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
1. TEETH -responsible for the mechanical digestion of food in the mouth. Known
as mastication.
● Incisors- frontal teeth, for cutting.
● Canine teeth- for piercing and tearing.
● Premolars and molars- for crushing and grinding.
1. SALIVARY GLANDS- present in oral cavity and secretions into the mouth.
● 1.5 liters produce of saliva daily.
● Salivary and saliva works as chemicals digestion of polysaccharides.
● Saliva contains enzymes, amylase- breakdown sugar into maltose.
● Food entering the mouth is moistened and lubricated by saliva before it can be
made into BOLUS ready for swallowing.
3. PANCREAS- ( pancreatic juices)secretes enzymes for
food digestion and in the endocrine system by regulating
blood sugar levels.
● Protease- breakdown protein into amino acids.
● Lipase- breakdown fats into fatty acids.
● Produce INSULIN- lowers blood sugar levels .
● GLUCAGON- raise blood sugar levels by stimulating
the liver to release stored glocuse into the bloodsteam.
4.LIVER - largest gland in the body. 2.3 kg.
● Situated in the upper part of the abdominal cavity.
● Produce BILE- helps digest fats.fluid aids in digestion and
absorption of fats in the small intestine.
● Bile stored in the gall bladder adn release into the small
intestine when needed.
● Filter toxins, drugs and metabolic waste.
● For metabolism- helps regulate sugar levels by storing
glucose when it needed.
● Storage sites for substances like vits, minerals,
5.GALL BLADDER - small, thin walled
sac located beneath the liver.
● Stores and concentrates the bile
produce in the liver which will be then
used in the digestion of lipids.
1.DUODENUM- part between small intestine
and jejunum.
● After food mix stomach acid, move to
duodenum here they mix bile form the
gall bladder and digestive juices from the
absorption of vitamins, minerals and other
nutrients begins in the duodenum. And
enzymes from pancreas.
● Hormonal regulation like cholecystokinin,
hormones helps regulate the release of bile
and pancreatic enzymes , as well as down
stomach emptying to ensure proper
digestion and absorption of nutrients.
JEJUNUM
● Responsible for absorbing
nutrients from digested food
and maintain nutrient
balance and supporting
overall health.
● 2 meters long,
● Absorption of nutrients such
as sugars (fatty acids, amino
acids)
 ILEUM
● Connects into the cecum, first part of
large intestine.

FUNCTION
1.Helps to further digest food coming
from the stomach and other parts of small
intestine,
1. Absorbs nutrients nd water from food
so they can be used by the body.
LARGE INTESTINE
Functions:
a. Absorption of water- and
electrolytes from the
undigested material. It helps to
consolidate waste material and
from solid feces.
b. Storage of feces-
c. Fermentation of indigestible
material
d. Maintenance of gut health and
immunity.
1. 150cm long
2. Divided into 5 segments.
A. ASCENDING COLON-
Responsible for absorbing water
and electrolytes from undigested
food.
● To propel waste upwards toward
the transverse colon for further
processing.
B. TRANSVERSE COLON

● Absorb water and electrolytes

from the digestive waste material
passing through it.
● Serve to move the waste material
from the right side of the
abdomen to the left , preparing it
for passage into the descending
colon.
● Aids of fecal matter.
 3. DESCENDING COLON
● Continue the process of
absorbing water and
electrolytes from the digested
material.
● Serves to consolidate the waste
material, preparing it for
elimination from the body.
● Final stages of the digestive
process before fecal matter
moves into the sigmoid colon.
D. SIGMOID COLON
● Store fecal matter until it is
ready to expelled.
● Helps in formation of feces
by compacting the waste
material.
● Helps to push the feces
into the rectum.
RECTUM
● Act as temporary storage
site for feces.
● Hold and accumulate stool
untila bowel movement
occurs,
● During defecation, the
muscles of the rectum
contract to expel feces
through the anus.
ANUS
● Serve as the exit
point foe feces.
 Our history

Venus Saturn Mars Neptune

Venus is the second Saturn is composed of Mars is actually a cold Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun hydrogen and helium place, not hot planet from the Sun
You can use an infographic
Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

Venus
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

Jupiter
Jupiter doesn’t have a
solid surface
 This is a table

Year Venus Mars

2xxx $0.30 $31.90

2xxx $3.90 $15.40

2xxx $157.30 $492.80

2xxx $3,368.20 $13,929.80

 This is a graph
Mars 35% Saturn 30%
Despite being red, Mars is Saturn is composed of
actually a cold place hydrogen and helium

Neptun
Venus 25% e 10%
Venus is the second Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun planet from the Sun

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 21 million
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon
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