Unit-1

• Definition: A computer program is said to learn

from experience E with respect to some class of
tasks T and performance measure P, if its
performance at tasks in T, as measured by P,
improves with experience E.
• to have a well-defined learning problem, we must
identity these three features: the class of tasks, the
measure of performance to be improved, and the
source of experience.
• A checkers learning problem:
• Task T: playing checkers
• Performance measure P: percent of games won against opponents
• Training experience E: playing practice games against itself
• We can specify many learning problems in this fashion, such as
learning
• to recognize handwritten words, or learning to drive a robotic
automobile autonomously.
• A handwriting recognition learning problem:
• Task T: recognizing and classifying handwritten words within
images
• Performance measure P: percent of words correctly classified
• Training experience E: a database of handwritten words with given
classifications
 GOALS AND APPLICATIONS OF MACHINE LEARNING:

• The Goals of Machine Learning:

• The goal of ML, in simples’ words, is to understand the nature of
(human and other forms of) learning, and to build learning
capability in computers.
• To be more specific, there are three aspects of the goals of ML.
• (1) To make the computers smarter, more intelligent. The more
direct objective in this aspect is to develop systems (programs) for
specific practical learning tasks in application domains.
• (2) To develop computational models of human learning process
and perform computer simulations. The study in this aspect is also
called cognitive modeling. (3) To explore new learning methods and
develop general learning algorithms independent of applications.
Applications of Machine Learning
• Image Recognition
• *Image recognition is one of the most common applications of machine
learning. It is used to identify objects, persons, places, digital images, etc.
The popular use case of image recognition and face detection is,
Automatic friend tagging suggestion.
• Speech Recognition
• *While using Google, we get an option of "Search by voice," it comes
under speech recognition, and it's a popular application of machine
learning.
• Speech recognition is a process of converting voice instructions into text,
and it is also known as "Speech to text", or "Computer speech
recognition." At present, machine learning algorithms are widely used by
various applications of speech recognition. Google assistant, Siri, Cortana,
and Alexa are using speech recognition technology to follow the voice
instructions.
• Product recommendations:
• Machine learning is widely used by various e-commerce and entertainment
companies such as Amazon, Netflix, etc., for product recommendation to
the user. Whenever we search for some product on Amazon, then we
started getting an advertisement for the same product while internet
surfing on the same browser and this is because of machine learning.
• Google understands the user interest using various machine learning
algorithms and suggests the product as per customer interest.
• Self-driving cars:
• One of the most exciting applications of machine learning is self-driving
cars. Machine learning plays a significant role in self-driving cars. Tesla, the
most popular car manufacturing company is working on self-driving car. It
is using unsupervised learning method to train the car models to detect
people and objects while driving.
• Traffic prediction:
• If we want to visit a new place, we take help of Google Maps, which shows us the
correct path with the shortest route and predicts the traffic conditions.
• It predicts the traffic conditions such as whether traffic is cleared, slow-moving, or
heavily congested with the help of two ways:
• Real Time location of the vehicle form Google Map app and sensors
• Average time has taken on past days at the same time.
• Online Fraud Detection:
• Machine learning is making our online transaction safe and secure by
detecting fraud transaction. Whenever we perform some online
transaction, there may be various ways that a fraudulent transaction can
take place such as fake accounts, fake ids, and steal money in the middle
of a transaction. So to detect this, Feed Forward Neural network helps us
by checking whether it is a genuine transaction or a fraud transaction.

• For each genuine transaction, the output is converted into some hash
values, and these values become the input for the next round. For each
genuine transaction, there is a specific pattern which gets change for the
fraud transaction hence, it detects it and makes our online transactions
more secure.
• Email Spam and Malware Filtering:
• Whenever we receive a new email, it is filtered automatically as important,
normal, and spam. We always receive an important mail in our inbox with
the important symbol and spam emails in our spam box, and the technology
behind this is Machine learning. Below are some spam filters used by Gmail:
• Content Filter
• Header filter
• General blacklists filter
• Rules-based filters
• Permission filters
• Some machine learning algorithms such as Multi-Layer Perceptron, Decision
tree, and Naïve Bayes classifier are used for email spam filtering and
malware detection.
• Virtual Personal Assistant:
• We have various virtual personal assistants such as Google
assistant, Alexa, Cortana, Siri. As the name suggests, they help
us in finding the information using our voice instruction. These
assistants can help us in various ways just by our voice
instructions such as Play music, call someone, Open an email,
Scheduling an appointment, etc.
• These virtual assistants use machine learning algorithms as an
important part.
• These assistant record our voice instructions, send it over the
server on a cloud, and decode it using ML algorithms and act
accordingly.
• Stock Market trading:
• Machine learning is widely used in stock market trading. In the
stock market, there is always a risk of up and downs in shares, so
for this machine learning's long short term memory neural
network is used for the prediction of stock market trends.
• Medical Diagnosis:
• In medical science, machine learning is used for diseases
diagnoses. With this, medical technology is growing very fast and
able to build 3D models that can predict the exact position of
infection or lesions.
• It helps in finding brain tumors and other brain-related diseases
easily.
• Automatic Language Translation:
• Nowadays, if we visit a new place and we are not aware of the
language then it is not a problem at all, as for this also
machine learning helps us by converting the text into our
known languages. Google's GNMT (Google Neural Machine
Translation) provide this feature, which is a Neural Machine
Learning that translates the text into our familiar language,
and it called as automatic translation.
• The technology behind the automatic translation is a
sequence to sequence learning algorithm, which is used with
image recognition and translates the text from one language
to another language.
 DESIGNING A LEARNING SYSTEM
• Choosing the Training Experience
• Choosing the Target Function
• Choosing a Representation for the Target Function
• Choosing a Function Approximation Algorithm
 Choosing the Training Experience

In order to illustrate some of the basic design issues and approaches to machine
learning, let us consider designing a program to learn to play checkers, with the goal of
entering it in the world checkers tournament.
• The type of training experience available can have a significant impact on success
or failure of the learner
• One key attribute is whether the training experience provides direct or indirect
feedback regarding the choices made by the performance system.
• A second important attribute of the training experience is the degree to which the
learner controls the sequence of training examples.
• A third important attribute of the training experience is how well it represents the
distribution of examples over which the final system performance P must be
measured.
• To proceed with our design, let us decide that our system will train by playing
games against itself. This has the advantage that no external trainer need be
present, and it therefore allows the system to generate as much training data as
time permits
• A checkers learning problem:
Task T: playing checkers
Performance measure P: percent of games won in the world tournament
Training experience E: games played against itself
In order to complete the design of the learning system, we must now choose
1. the exact type of knowledge to be,learned
2. a representation for this target knowledge
3. a learning mechanism
• Choosing the Target Function
• The next design choice is to determine exactly what type of knowledge
will be learned and how this will be used by the performance program.
• Choosing a Representation for the Target Function
• Now that we have specified the ideal target function V, we must choose a
representation that the learning program will use to describe the function
c that it will learn.
• allow the program to represent using a large table with a distinct entry
specifying the value for each distinct board state.
• Or we could allow it to represent using a collection of rules that match
against features of the board state, or a quadratic polynomial function of
predefined board features, or an artificial neural network.
Design a Learning System in Machine Learning

• According to Arthur Samuel “Machine Learning enables a Machine to

Automatically learn from Data, Improve performance from an Experience
and predict things without explicitly programmed.”

• In Simple Words, When we fed the Training Data to Machine Learning

Algorithm, this algorithm will produce a mathematical model and with the
help of the mathematical model, the machine will make a prediction and
take a decision without being explicitly programmed. Also, during training
data, the more machine will work with it the more it will get experience
and the more efficient result is produced.
Example : In Driverless Car, the training data is fed to Algorithm
like how to Drive Car in Highway, Busy and Narrow Street with
factors like speed limit, parking, stop at signal etc. After that, a
Logical and Mathematical model is created on the basis of that and
after that, the car will work according to the logical model. Also,
the more data the data is fed the more efficient output is
produced.
• Steps for Designing Learning System are:
• Step 1) Choosing the Training Experience: The very important and first
task is to choose the training data or training experience which will be fed
to the Machine Learning Algorithm. It is important to note that the data or
experience that we fed to the algorithm must have a significant impact on
the Success or Failure of the Model. So Training data or experience should
be chosen wisely.
• Below are the attributes which will impact on Success and Failure of Data:
• The training experience will be able to provide direct or indirect feedback
regarding choices. For example: While Playing chess the training data will
provide feedback to itself like instead of this move if this is chosen the
chances of success increases.
• Second important attribute is the degree to which the learner will control
the sequences of training examples. For example: when training data is
fed to the machine then at that time accuracy is very less but when it
gains experience while playing again and again with itself or opponent the
machine algorithm will get feedback and control the chess game
• Step 2- Choosing target function: The next important step is choosing the
target function. It means according to the knowledge fed to the algorithm the
machine learning will choose NextMove function which will describe what
type of legal moves should be taken. For example : While playing chess with
the opponent, when opponent will play then the machine learning algorithm
will decide what be the number of possible legal moves taken in order to get
success.
• Step 3- Choosing Representation for Target function: When the machine
algorithm will know all the possible legal moves the next step is to choose the
optimized move using any representation i.e. using linear Equations,
Hierarchical Graph Representation, Tabular form etc. The NextMove function
will move the Target move like out of these move which will provide more
success rate. For Example : while playing chess machine have 4 possible
moves, so the machine will choose that optimized move which will provide
success to it.
• Step 4- Choosing Function Approximation Algorithm: An optimized move
cannot be chosen just with the training data. The training data had to go
through with set of example and through these examples the training data
will approximates which steps are chosen and after that machine will
provide feedback on it. For Example : When a training data of Playing
chess is fed to algorithm so at that time it is not machine algorithm will
fail or get success and again from that failure or success it will measure
while next move what step should be chosen and what is its success rate.
• Step 5- Final Design: The final design is created at last when system goes
from number of examples , failures and success , correct and incorrect
decision and what will be the next step etc. Example: DeepBlue is an
intelligent computer which is ML-based won chess game against the chess
expert Garry Kasparov, and it became the first computer which had beaten
a human chess expert.