Lesson 2 -

WHEN TECHNOLOGY
AND
HUMANITY CROSS
 The term "bioethics" was coined from the
Greek word bios- life; ethos- behavior) by Fritz
Jahr in 1927. The term "bioethics" was then
used by biologist Van Rensselaer Potter in
1970 with a broader meaning referring to as
"global ethics," a new field linking between
biology, ecology, medicine and human values
in order to attain human survival and an
improved quality of life.
Abortion, euthanasia, in vitro fertilization,
organ transplants, surrogacy and end-of-
life care, the development of genetic
screening, and genetic engineering,
including gene therapy, have also given
rise to questions in bioethics.
Technological advances in such diverse
areas of internet, aircraft, weapon and
warfare posed life threatening situations.
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY
 Exploitation of advanced scientific knowledge
V

and technological devices and systems gave rise

to situation in which advances seem to have
turned upon their beneficiaries and creating
ethical dilemmas. Ethical dilemma have been
an issue and debated since ancient times, and
public attention briefly focused on the
inconveniences brought in by advances that
might harm organisms or capable of feeling fear
in contrast to the benefits one's will get.
Although one of the primary concern
played by ethics, in relation to
technology, is to make sure that
technology doesn't enter our lives in
undesirable ways.
Here are some of the major
issues regarding ethical
dilemmas of Science and
Technology:
1. Human Experimentation V

a. Violations of human rights in the use of

human research subjects
b. Medical and scientific research often
requires human subjects or any materials
drawn from human beings, that often lead to
clinical applications that require further
research regarding the safety and efficacy of
some drugs. The patient must voluntarily
consent to the treatment after being properly
informed.
 c. No one should be the subject of medical or
genetic experimentation, even if it is therapeutic,
unless the person or surrogate first has given free
and informed consent (Ethical and Religious
Directives).
d. In 1976, the National Commission for the
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and
Behavioral Research published the Belmont
Report, which identifies basic ethical principles and
guidelines that address ethical issues arising from
the conduct of research with human subjects.
The "basic ethical principles" include the
principles of respect for persons,
beneficence, and justice. It was reported that
respect for persons incorporates at least two
ethical first, that individuals should be
treated as autonomous agents, and second,
that persons with diminished autonomy are
entitled to protection.
 Therefore, the principle of respect for persons
is divided into two separate moral
requirements: the requirement to acknowledge
autonomy and the requirement to protect
those with diminished autonomy.The human
person must not only be respected in their
decisions but they must also be protected from
harm to secure their well-being. Justice occurs
when a person receives fairness in the
distribution of the benefits from the research
study.
 e. Many religious communities have their own
means of inquiry into bioethical issues and have
developed rules and guidelines on how to deal
with these issues from within the viewpoint of
their respective faiths.
f. In instances of non-therapeutic experimentation,
the surrogate can give this consent only if the
experiment entails no significant risk to the
person's well-being.
V

2. Threats to
Human Survival
a. Violation on human rights that everyone has
the right to life, liberty and security of person.
b. The invention of advanced military
weaponry: nuclear weapons in 1945, nuclear
bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima that
caused death of many people.
c. The discovery and invention of weapon of
mass destruction such as chemical and
biological warfare. Biological warfare are
weapon that use harmful biological agent to
cause death or disease such as smallpox,
anthrax, Ebola virus, etc.; Chemical weapons of
mass destruction .
 d. Insect Allies is one of US military research
invention while it's designed for national security, it
often raises a lot of ethical issues. The Insect Allies
Project created genetically modified insects that
can deliver viruses to plants. The viruses deliver
new genes to the plants make them more resistant
to climate change and human interierence but they
can be used to destroy crops and wipe out the food
supply.
 V

3. Toxic wastes produced by

manufacturing company that
threaten human survival and
the stability of the
environment.
 a. There are numerous disadvantageous effects of
technology. In our march to progress, humans
have utilized and degraded the natural world,
forests and woods are chopped down, topsoil is
washed away, rivers are polluted with chemical
waste, household and industrial waste are dumped
in the oceans damaging the natural resources.
b. Innovating technologies have negative
consequences like pollution, global warming and
climate change associated with production
processes.
 c. The differential susceptibility of people
around the world to climate change warrants
an ethical discussion. There is a to identify
effective and safe ways to help people deal
with the effects of climate change, as well as
learn to protect wild species and nature in
order to preserve biodiversity.
 4. Low-quality and
counterfeit pharmaceuticals
(Pseudoscience)
 a. The right to enjoy the benefits of scientific
progress and its applications, and the freedom
indispensable for scientific research and
creative activity.
b. There are skincare in the market taking
advantage of the fact that everybody wants to
have a nicer skin: facial masks, scrubbers or
facial massagers. That some made fake beauty
products or sometimes used harmful
chemicals.
 V

c. Detecting low-quality and counterfeit

pharmaceuticals products, using pharmaceutical
intermediaries and active ingredients raise a
number of issues, from the technical to the ethical
and legal.
d. Seeding trials: Some pharmaceutical companies
and their affiliated researchers would hire doctors
to participate in their research and lead the study
on the effectivity of new drugs or devices.
 5). HACKING IN
THE SOCIAL MEDIA
HUMAN RIGHTS DECLARATION

EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT TO THE

PROTECTION OF THE LAW AGAINST SUCH
INTERFERENCE OR ATTACKS. NO ONE SHALL
BE SUBJECTED TO ARBITRARY
INTERFERENCE WITH HIS UPON HIS
HONOUR AND REPUTATION.
 V

DATA COLLECTION AND PRIVACY

MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF DATA CAN BE HACKED

FROM THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA, STORE
DISCOUNT CARDS OR ORDER GOODS VIA THE
INTERNET. A CAREFUL NEED TO THINK ABOUT THE
KINDS OF INFORMATION THAT SHOULD BE
COLLECTED AND RETAINED IN YOUR SOCIAL MEDIA
ACCOUNT.
 6). DISPARITIES IN HUMAN
WELL BEING

THERE ARE ADVANCED COUNTRIES

ENJOYING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BASED SUCCESSES AND HOLD HIGH
ESTEEM IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
(ECONOMIC STRENGTH), MILLIONS OF
PEOPLE IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
HAVE NOT PARTAKEN IN THIS BENEFITS.
 RANSOMWARE
A COMPUTER VIRUS WHICH ALLOWS HACKERS TO
SEIZE CONTROL OF YOUR COMPUTER OR DEVICE
AND LOCK YOU OUT, WHILE THREATENING TO
STEAL OR DELETE YOUR IMPORTANT FILES, THE
CRIMINALS BEHIND THE ATTACT DEMAND THE
VICTIM TO PAY A HEFTY FINE. THERE ARE SITES
THAT REFERES TO INSTANCES WHERE
RANSOMWARE PROGRAMS SEIZED VICTIM
INFORMATION, SHUT DOWN BUSINESS AND
UTILITIES.
 MANIPULATING VIDEO AND AUDIO TO MAKE
V

SOMETHING APPEAR AS REAL. STATES ARE

ATTEMPTING TO BUILD LEGISTATION AGAINST
DEEP FAKES, AND COMPANIES LIKE FACEBOOK
AND MICROSOFT WANT TO HELP DEVELOP TOOLS
TO SPOT DEEP FAKES. STILL THESE DAYS, ANYONE
CAN DOWNLOAD DEEP FAKE SOFTWARE TO
CREATE FAKE VIDEOS AND AUDIO RECORDINGS
THAT LOOK AND SOUND LIKE THE REAL THING-
NOTHING GETS DELETED FROM THE INTERNET.
6). DISPARITIES IN
HUMAN
WELL BEING
 6). DISPARITIES IN HUMAN
WELL BEING

THERE ARE ADVANCED COUNTRIES

ENJOYING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BASED SUCCESSES AND HOLD HIGH
ESTEEM IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
(ECONOMIC STRENGTH), MILLIONS OF
PEOPLE IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
HAVE NOT PARTAKEN IN THIS BENEFITS.
 HUMAN RIGHT DECLARATION

EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT FREELY

TO PARTICIPATE IN THE CULTURAL
LIFE OF THE COMMUNITY, TO
ENJOY THE ARTS AND TO SHARE IN
SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT AND ITS
BENEFITS.
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE
CONTRACEPTIVE PILL ALSO LED TO A
BREAKTHROUGH IN THE SOCIAL
ACCEPTANCE OF HOMOSEXUALITY.
BECAUSE OF THE PILL, SOCIETY BEGAN
TO THINK OF SEX AND REPRODUCTION
AS TWO SEPARATE THINGS.
INCREASED UNEMPLOYMENT FROM LABOT-
SAVING NEW TECHNOLOGIES.
CONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND INTO
URBAN ARES.
AFFECT HUMAN PSYCHOLOGICALLY AN D
EMOTIONALLY WITH THE USAGE AND
ADDICTION OF NEW GADGETS.
EFFECT OF OVERUSED TECHNOLOGIES IN
MEDICAL INDUSTRY THAT CAN CAUSE FATAL
BIRTHS AND DISEASES.
 7). SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL CONFLICTS

MILITARY POWER IS VITAL FOR NATIONAL

SECURITY OF MANY GOVERNMENT.
SUPERIOR AND HIGHLY TECHNICAL
WEAPONS DICTATED THE OUTCOMES OF
SOME RECENT WARS.
 HUMAN RIGHTS DECLARATION

NO ONE SHALL BE SUBJECTED TO

TORTURE OR TO CRUEL,
INHUMAN OR DEGRADING
TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT.
8). AUTONOMOUS
SYSTEMS
MACHINES ARE INCREASINGLY EVOLVING
FROM HUMAN-CONTROLLED, TO
AUTOMATED, WITH THE ABILITY TO ACT
ON THIER OWN. AS THESE SYSTEMS
OPERATE WITHOUT HUMAN CONTROL
AND ARE DESIGNED TO FUNCTION AND
MAKE DECISIONS ON THEIR OWN, THE
ETHICAL, LEGAL, SOCIAL AND POLICY
IMPLICATIONS HAVE GROWN
EXPONENTIALLY.
THANK YOU!