Fluid Mechanics – II

Introduction
 Course Overview
• Course Title: Fluid Mechanics – II
• Course Code: CE 252
• Credit Hours: Theory = 2
Practical = 1
Total = 3
• Contact Hours: Lecture = 2hrs/week
Lab = 3hrs/week

• Syllabus: a. Pipe Flow

b. Open Channel Flow
c. Hydraulic Machines

*Go to Weekly Course Plan

 Course Learning Outcomes
Sr. Taxonomy
No. CLO Domain Level PLO

Describe (LL 1) and understand (LL 2)

1 knowledge about pipe flow, open channel and Cognitive 2 1
fluid machines
Apply (LL3) and analyse (LL 4) complex fluid
2 flow problems in pipes, open channels and fluid Cognitive 4 2
machines
Investigate and perform (LL 3) experiments
to determine use of various fluid machines with Psychomotor
3 open / closed conduits to improve the / affective 3 9
efficiency of a pipe – reservoir or river reservoir
system

PLO 1 : Engineering Knowledge

PLO 2 : Problem Analysis
PLO 9 : Individual and Teamwork
 Books
Textbooks:

1. “Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics” by Munson, B.R, Young, D.F and Okiishi,

T.H, John Wiley & Sons
2. “A text book of hydraulics, fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines” by R.S.
Khurmi.

Reference Material:

3. “Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications” by Franzini, J.B, Daugherty and

FinnemoreE.J, McGraw Hill.
4. “Civil Engineering Hydraulics” by J.R.D. Francis & P. Minton
5. “Engineering Fluid Mechanics” by Clayton T. Crowe, Donald F. Elgar, Barbara
F. Williams, John A. Roberson.
6. “Fluid Mechanics” by Frank M. White.

7. “List of Fluid Mechanics II practicals in Hydraulics lab”

 Assessment System
• THEORETICAL/INSTRUCTION 67%

4 x Assignments 8%
4 x Quizzes 10%
2 x In-Class Assessment 12%
1 x Mid Term Exam 25%
1 x End Semester Exam 45%

• PRACTICAL WORK 33%

Laboratory Work 70%

Laboratory Performance 44%
Laboratory Report 28%
Laboratory Quiz 14%
Attendance 14%
Viva/Quiz 30%
 Laboratory
• Experiments: ~10 experiments

• Lab quizzes: 2 (7% each)

• Lab performance: 2 (22% each)

• Attendance : 14%

•Lab reports: Will not be accepted if you didn’t perform the experiment

• Lab report submission: 6th day after performing the experiment

• Late submission of lab reports and using unfair means in quizzes will result in
deduction of marks as explained earlier
Course Outline/ Plan

II
FM
2 –
2 5
CE
 Learning Outcomes
• Understand and differentiate between:
• dynamic and kinematic viscosity
• steady and unsteady flow
• laminar and turbulent flow
• Find out the type of flow by calculating NR
• Understand the concept of boundary layer, fully developed
flow, and velocity profile
 Viscosity of Fluids
Newtonian Law

Hook’s Law vs Newtonian Law??

 A Revision to the term “Viscosity”
Dynamic Viscosity (µ) is a Kinematic viscosity (ν) is a
measure of the resistance of a measure of a fluid's internal
fluid to deform under shear resistance to flow under
stress (τ). (Measure of Force). gravitational forces. (Measure
• It can be perceived as of Velocity).
resistance to pouring. • It is the ratio of dynamic
• It controls its rate of viscosity to the density
flow. of the fluid.

Unit: poise Unit: stokes

1 poise = 0.1 N.s/m2 1 stokes = 10-4 m2/s
 Dynamic Viscosity & Kinematic Viscosity
A Key Difference

Dynamic viscosity gives you information on the

force needed to make the fluid flow at a certain
rate,
while

Kinematic viscosity tells how fast the fluid will

move when a certain force is applied.
 Flow in Pipes
The terms pipe, duct, and conduit are
usually used interchangeably for flow
sections.

• Flow sections of circular cross section

are referred to as pipes (especially
when the fluid is a liquid).
• Flow sections of non-circular cross
section as ducts (especially when the
fluid is a gas).
• Small diameter pipes are usually
referred to as tubes.
 Flow Driving Forces

Open channel flow  Gravity

Pipe flow  Gravity + Pressure Difference
 Types of Flows
Steady vs Unsteady Flow
 Steady, Unsteady Flow
Unsteady flow Steady flow
• The term steady implies no
change (velocity, pressure and
cross-section) at a point with
time.
• The opposite of steady is
unsteady flow.

• Many devices such as turbines, compressors, boilers,

condensers, and heat exchangers operate for long
periods of time under the same conditions, and they
are classified as steady-flow devices.
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Steady, Unsteady Flow

17
 Type of Flows
Uniform vs Non-Uniform Flow
 Uniform, Non-Uniform Flow

• The flow in which velocity doesn’t change with respect

to space (along length of flow)

• In non-uniform flow, velocity changes with respect to

the space
Comparison
 Type of Flows
Laminar vs Turbulent Flow
 Laminar Flow
• Laminar flow over a flat
• 3 Conditions
– fluid moves slowly, smoothly
and horizontal surface 
– viscosity is relatively high
parallel and thin layers
– flow channel is relatively small (laminae)
• Blood flow through capillaries is laminar • Layers slide over each
flow, as it satisfies the 3 conditions other  ‘streamline’ or
• Most types of fluid flow are turbulent smooth
• The paths are regular and
there are no fluctuations
• Example: Highly viscous
fluids such as oils flow in
small pipes or narrow
passages
 Laminar Flow
• Laminar  Smooth and
layered flow where the
Turbulent
mixing of fluid between Flow
the layers almost does
not exist
• Important  for small
conduits called Laminar
Flow
microchannels, for
lubrication flow, and for
analyzing viscous flows
Smoking is injurious to health
 Turbulent Flow

The velocity of the fluid at a point is continuously

undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction.
 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
• We can verify the existence of these laminar,
transitional, and turbulent flow regimes by
injecting some dye streaks into the flow in a
glass pipe, as the British engineer Osborne
Reynolds did

– Dye streak forms a straight and smooth line at low

velocities when the flow is laminar
– Bursts of fluctuations start in the transitional regime
– It zigzags rapidly and randomly when the flow becomes
fully turbulent
 Reynolds Number
• It is a dimensionless
quantity that is used to
help predict similar flow
patterns in different fluid
flow situations
• The Reynolds number is
defined as the ratio of
inertial forces to viscous
forces
• Denoted as NR or Re
27
 Reynolds Number
• Used to characterize different flow regimes such as laminar
or turbulent flow.
– laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where
viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by
smooth, constant fluid motion.
– turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is
dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce
chaotic eddies, vortices and other flow instabilities.

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 Reynolds Number

• For 2000 < NR < 4000 – transition region or

critical region– flow can either be laminar or
turbulent – difficult to pin down exactly
• Reynolds numbers for some real-life examples
– Blood flow in brain ~ 100
– Blood flow in aorta ~ 1000
– Blue whale swimming ~ 300000000

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 Example 1

• Determine the Reynolds number for Glycerin

at 25 oC. The physical properties are as under:
– Diameter = D = 150 mm
– Velocity = V= 3.6 m/s
– ρ= 1258 kg/m3
– µ= 0.96 kg/m.s

30
 Example 2

Water at 10oC flows in a 150-mm-diameter pipe at a

velocity of 5.5 m/s. Is this flow laminar or turbulent?
 Take Home

Water at 20oC flows with average velocity of 2cm/sec

inside a circular pipe. Determine the flow type if the
pipe diameter is:

(a) 4 cm
(b) 16 cm
(c) 28 cm
 Reference

Textbook Textbook II

A textbook of hydraulics, fluid mechanics and hydraulic

machines

by R.S. Khurmi.

Chapter No. 18

Topics 18.1 to 18.23

 Boundary Layer
The region of the flow in which the effects of viscous
shearing forces caused by fluid velocity are felt is called
boundary layer.
The boundary layer
thickness is the distance
across a boundary
layer from the walls to a
point where the flow
velocity has essentially
reached the 'free stream'
velocity
Fully Developed Flow
 Velocity Profile
• The shape of the velocity
profile in the pipe depends on
whether the flow is laminar or
turbulent
• Length of the entrance region
(le) also depends on flow type
• Entrance Length (le)
 Example

Water at 20oC flows with average velocity of 2cm/s

inside a circular pipe. Calculate the entrance length if
the pipe diameter is

(a) 2cm
(c) 30cm
 Take Home

A 60-mm-diameter pipe contains glycerin at 20 oC

flowing at 8.5 m3/hr. Verify that the flow is Laminar.

Density of glycerin at 20oC = 1258 kg/m3

Dynamic Viscosity = 1.49 kg/m.s
 Reference

Textbook Textbook I

“Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics”

by Munson

Chapter No. 8

Topics 8.1 complete

 Quiz
Water at 30oC flows with average velocity of 40 mm/s inside
a circular pipe. Determine the flow type if the pipe diameter
is (a) 5 cm; (b) 20 cm