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Lesson 5 Transport Safety

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Lesson 5 Transport Safety

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The theme

The role of the factor in the serious


safety of civil aviation

Group 222,23 E
Lecturer Ahmadova Dinara
Historical stages in the development of the
flight safety system.
a) The technical era

b) The era of human factors

c) The organizational era


1,The technical era

 This era begins from the early 1900s to the late 1960s.
 Aviation has become a mass transportation industry in
which safety incidents were initially driven by technical
reasons and equipment failures. Safety measures have
justifiably focused on investigating and improving
technical factors. By the 1950s, technical improvements
had resulted in a gradual decline in the frequency of
accidents, and safety activities had expanded into
regulation and oversight.
2,The era of human factors

 This era begins from the early 1970s to the mid-1990s. In


the early 1970s, the frequency of accidents dropped
significantly due to major technological advances and
further improvements in safety regulations. Aviation has
become a safer mode of transport, and the emphasis in
flight safety has shifted to human activities and human
factors, in-cluding human-machine interaction.
3,The organizational era

 This era begins from the mid-1990s till the present.


 During the "organizational era", flight safety began to be
considered systematically, ie, encompassing both
organizational and human and technical factors. It was
also during this time that the concept of “organizational
accidents” emerged in aviation, taking into account the
impact that organizational culture and policies have on the
effectiveness of the safety risk management system.
The human factor: concepts and definitions


This is one of the central concepts used
.

when considering the problem of ensuring


flight safety.
 It is voluminous and serves to characterize
all phenomena associated with multifaceted
human activities in the field of aviation.
The "human factor"

The "human factor" is understood as a set of ideological, moral, social,


psychological, physical, professional and other qualities of a person

The role of the human factor in ensuring flight safety is enormous

In the future, the role of the human factor will increase.

The human factor can have a different effect on the outcome of the
field.
 The influences of human factor

The negative influence of the human


Positive influence of the human factor
factor is manifested in all stages of
when a specialist successfully performs
action and is the main source of
his professional functions in the event of
hazardous phenomena in production
unfavorable factors and deviations
activities.
Positive influence
The negative influence of the human factor
Some of the most important characteristics are listed below:

 a) Physical size and shape. In the design of any work-place and most of the equipment, data on the
size and parameters of movement of various parts of the human body play a decisive role, although
they can differ de-pending on age, ethnicity and gender. Decisions should be made at the initial design
stage, and the relevant data for this can be borrowed from works on anthropometry and
biomechanics.
 b) Physiological needs. Information about human needs for food, water and oxygen can be borrowed
from physiology and biology.
 c) Peculiarities of information perception. A person has a sensory system of perception of information
about the world around him, which allows him to react to external stimuli and perform the necessary
work. However, the functions of all sense organs can be impaired for one reason or another, and
physiology, psychology and biology are sources of in-formation about this.
Physical size and shape.

 In the design of any work-place and most of the equipment, data on the size and
parameters of movement of various parts of the human body play a decisive role,
although they can differ de-pending on age, ethnicity and gender.
Physiological needs.
 Information about human needs for food, water and oxygen can be borrowed from
physiology and biology.
 Physical size and shape.
Peculiarities of information perception.

 A person has a sensory system of perception of


information about the world around him, which allows
him to react to external stimuli and perform the
necessary work.
 However, the functions of all sense organs can be
impaired for one reason or another, and physiology,
psychology and biology are sources of in-formation
about this
Human error(Failure).
 Errors are not a kind of abnormal behavior;
 they are a natural by-product of almost all human effort.
 Awareness of how normal people make mistakes plays a key
role in safety issues.
Errors

 Errors can be divided into


 1,blunders (an action that was not performed as
planned) and omissions (memory failure)
 2,perceptual errors, i.e. errors in recognition, when we
believe that we see something that is different from the
fact.
A violation

 A violation is a willful act, while a


mistake is not intentional. That complete
elimination of errors is an unrealistic
task.
Psychophysiological tension
 It is divided into the following types:
 Moderate tension - is the normal state of the operator
during functional activities in uncomplicated conditions.
She is characterized by a normal state of health and
confident performance of actions.
 Increased tension - is caused by the complication of the
situation in which the operator's activity occurs
(complication of weather conditions, lack of time, etc.),
this condition can cause a decrease in efficiency, i.e., a
decrease in reliability.
Stress is the highest degree of tension

 Occurs in extremely unfavorable conditions for the operator's


activity. It contributes to the disorganization of work, in which
gross mistakes are made, attention sharply narrows.
 The degree of psychophysiological tension depends on the
individual personality traits for the operator's readiness
Typical flight crew errors.
 Typical errors allowed by the crew (operator) in flight are:
 1) Untimely detection of deviation at the monitored parameter by the device (poor performance by a
crew member of their functions, lack of proper attention and concentration, distraction to work on
things).
 2) Incorrect reading or recording of instrument readings (for example, the case with 2 types of artificial
horizons showing the position of the aircraft relative to the ground and ground relative to the aircraft).
 3) Erroneous identification of a failed element in the presence of several parallel operating devices (The
most common case is turning off a running engine instead of a failed one).
 4) An error in assessing the situation according to a hastily formed information model and the
continuation of the flight led to disaster.
 5) Errors in the implementation of the control action (inaccurate or late execution of the required
actions, violations of the technology for performing control actions).
ResearchGate

A Summary of Errors Committed by Flight Crews and Their Management

A summary of errors committed by flight


crew

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