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NOUN & PRONOUN
NOUN
 WHAT ARE NOUNS?
 Nouns are naming words.
 They name people, places and objects.
 They can also name ideas, emotions,
qualities and activities.
 Here are some examples of nouns:
 Peter, Elizabeth, driver, sister, friend.
 Bristol, Philippines, pen, dog, money.
 Love, beauty, industry, nature, greed,
pain.
 Types of noun
 All nouns can be divided into common
and proper nouns.
 Common nouns can then be divided into
countable and uncountable nouns.
 Both countable and uncountable nouns
can then be further divided into
concrete and abstract nouns.
 First, look again at those types
and how they relate.
proper
abstract
nouns
countable
concrete
common
abstract
uncountable
concrete
 Proper nouns
Proper nouns start with capital
letters.
They are the names of people, places,
times, organisations, etc.
They refer to unique individuals.
Most are not found in the dictionary.
They often occur in pairs or groups.
James Reid The Probinsyano

Buenavista Street
Dr. Nielo
Christmas
Delarosa Maria
President Duterte

Samsung Thames

China Coca-Cola
Bridget Jones
Philippines
The Suzuki Motor Company
Macbeth King Kulafu
Apo Reef
 Common nouns
 All nouns which are not proper nouns
are common nouns.
 A few examples: cup, art, paper,
work, frog, bicycle, atom, family,
mind.
 Common nouns are either countable or
uncountable.
 Countable nouns
 Use these tests for countable nouns:
 Countable (or just “count”) nouns can be
made plural: a tree… two trees; a man…
men; a pony… ponies.
 In the singular, they may have the
determiner a or an: a sausage; an asterisk.
 We ask: How many words/pages/chairs?
 We say: A few minutes/friends/chips?
 Uncountable nouns
 Use these tests for uncountable nouns:
 Uncountable (or non-count) nouns cannot be
made plural. We cannot say: two funs,
three advices or five furnitures.
 We never use a or an with them.
 We ask: How much money/time/milk?
(Not How many?)
 We say: A little help/effort. (Not A few.)
 Dual category nouns
• Some nouns may be countable or
uncountable, depending on how we use
them.
• We buy a box of chocolates (countable)
or a bar of chocolate (uncountable).
• We ask: How much time? but How many
times? (where times = occasions).
 Field-specific nouns
• Uncountable nouns are often turned into
countable nouns by specialists in a
particular field.They become part of the
jargon of that specialism.
• Grass is usually uncountable but botanists
and gardeners talk about grasses.
• Linguists sometimes talk about Englishes.
• Financiers refer to moneys or even monies.
• Teas may be used to mean types of tea.
Remember that both countable and
uncountable nouns can be divided into
concrete and abstract nouns.

The distinction between concrete and

abstract nouns is the most important one
of all when you are analysing linguistic
data. A lot of abstract nouns in a text
will have a big impact on its register.
 Concrete nouns
• Concrete nouns are the words that most
people think of as nouns.
• They are mostly the names of objects and
animals (countable) and substances or
materials (uncountable).
• Cake, oxygen, iron, boy, dog, pen, glass,
pomegranate, earthworm and door are all
concrete nouns.
 Abstract nouns
• Abstract nouns name ideas, feelings
and qualities.
• Most, though not all, are uncountable.
• Many are derived from adjectives and
verbs and have characteristic endings
such as –ity, -ness, -ence, and -tion.
• They are harder to recognise as
nouns than the concrete variety.
 Abstract noun or adjective
• You won’t confuse abstract nouns
with adjectives, as long as you apply a
few tests.
• Happy is an adjective. It behaves like
one: very happy; so happy; happier; as
happy as
• Happiness behaves like a noun: The
happiness I feel; her happiness; great
happiness.
 A few more examples
Verb or adjective Abstract noun
We were different The difference
from each other. between us.
My work is precise. I work with precision.
The air is pure. The purity of the air.
I composed this This tune is my
tune. composition.
It is so beautiful. It has such beauty.
You support me. The support you give me.
Compound Nouns- compose of two or more words acting
as a single unit.
Example: (fingerprint, shotgun, police officer in-charge,
Director General.)
The director General ordered the police officer in-charge
of the case to submit a written report about the incident.
Here are examples of compound nouns formed
from pairs of different types of words:
•Noun + noun: lunchtime, boyfriend, milkman,
firefighter, heartache
•Verb + noun: jailbreak, haircut, runtime,
turntable, sweatshirt, buzzkill
•Adjective + noun: smartphone, bluebird,
redhead, greenhouse
•Preposition + noun: downtown, bystander,
underworld, overtime
•Verb + preposition: breakdown, offshoot,
downturn, input, uproar
Collective Nouns- name a group of people or things, its meaning may
be either singular or plural depending on how it is used in the sentence.
Examples :( council, delegation, jury, team, committee, troop,
entourage)
The biggest delegation of police officers came from Cebu City.
Here are some examples of common collective nouns:
•People: board, choir, class, committee, family, group,
jury, panel, staff.
•Animals: flock, herd, pod, swarm.
•Things: bunch, collection, fleet, flotilla, pack, set.
 The morphology of nouns
• Nouns change their form for only two
grammatical reasons:
• Countable nouns have a plural form. This is
usually formed by adding –s, of course, but
there are some irregular forms.
• The possessive form of a noun is created
by adding –’s (Henry’s cat) or just an
apostrophe (all our students’ results).
 Irregular plurals
• Some nouns retain plural endings from Old
English:
• Men, geese, mice, oxen, feet, teeth, knives.
• Loan words from Latin, Greek, French and
Italian sometimes keep their native ending:
• Media, bacteria, formulae, larvae, criteria,
phenomena.
• Graffiti, an Italian plural, is now an
uncountable noun in English.
 Noun phrases
• When we see a noun as performing a role in
a sentence, we think of it as a noun phrase.
• A noun phrase may function as the subject
or object of a clause.
• A noun phrase may consist of a single word
(a noun or pronoun) or a group of words.
• The most important noun in a noun phrase
is called the headword.
 Examples of noun phrases
(headword in brackets)
• (She) always bought the same
(newspaper).
• Concentrated sulphuric (acid) must be
handled carefully.
• My old mathematics (teacher) was
Austrian.
The syntax of noun phrases
• The headword of a noun phrase may be
pre-modified by determiners, adjectives or
other nouns.
• For example, a large, dinner (plate).
• It may be post-modified by a prepositional
phrase.
• This is simply a noun phrase with a
preposition at the beginning.
• For example, a (painting) by Juan Luna.
 Example of a Noun Phrase

The very handsome guy at the back of the class

Example of a Noun Phrase
article, noun Prepositional phrase,
adjective phrase,
or a relative clause
& sometimes bypronoun
a demonstrative,
a noun
a possessive, or
a quantifier
Summary: Structure of Noun Phrase
 Noun Phrases
Noun phrase structure Verb phrase
(not part of noun
Predeterminer Determiner Postdeterminer Premodifier Head Postmodifier phrase)

Buns are for sale.

The buns are for sale.

All the currant buns are for sale.

Not quite all the currant buns are for sale.

hot tasty
Not quite all the buns are for sale.
currant
hot tasty
Not quite all the buns on the table are for sale.
currant

hot tasty on show on the

Not quite all the many buns are for sale.
currant table

fine hot tasty which I

Not quite all the very many buns are for sale.
currant cooked
• Read the paragraph below, underline,
twenty (20) nouns and identify what type
of noun is your chosen word, write your
answer on the top of the underlined
word.
• Court Resets Hearing on Ex-PBA Import
• By Jeannette I. Andrade
• Philippine Daily Inquirer
• 3:07 AM | Wednesday, April 24th, 2013
 Give the plural form/s of the
following nouns
• Tree
• Trees
• Table
• Tables
• Tooth
• Teeth
• Wife
• Wives
• Woman
• Women
• Thief
• Thieves
• Thesis
• Theses
• Syllabus
• Syllabi/syllabuses
• Swine
• Swine
• Species
• Species
• Self
• Selves
• Quiz
• Quizzes
• Oasis
• Oases
• Mouse
• Mice
• Moose
• Moose
• Nucleus
• Nuclei / nucleuses
• Goose
• Geese
• Datum
• Data
• Bureau
• Bureaux / bureaus
• Aircraft
• Aircraft
• Wolf
• Wolves
• Cactus
• Cacti
• Person
• People
• Offspring
• Offspring
• Ox
• Oxen
• Policeman
• Policemen
• Testis
• Testes
• Ovum
• Ova
• Millennium
• Millennia
• Octopus
• Octopuses
• Life
• Lives
• Hero
• Heroes
• Die
• Dice
• Buffalo
• Buffalo
Thank
You!