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d5 4 Neutron Logs RevApr10

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16 views17 pages

d5 4 Neutron Logs RevApr10

Uploaded by

majd abumoghdeb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Neutron Logs

1
Compensated Neutron and Dual
Porosity (Energy) Neutron Logs
• AmBe high energy neutron source
• Neutron detectors
– Thermal for CNL
– Thermal and Epithermal for Dual Energy
• Sonde pushed to side of borehole wall
by bow spring
• Two main interactions:
– Elastic collisions when above thermal energy level
• Moderation phase, largely affected by Hydrogen
– Diffusion then Capture when at thermal energy level
• Depends on material in formation and releases a GR
• Chlorine and hydrogen are largest common absorbers
3
Neutron Tool Evolution

• Third generation (CNL)


– Introduced about 1970
– Pair of thermal neutron detectors
Thermal = more lithology effect
• Fourth generation (CNL-G, etc.)
– Introduced mid 1980s
– Pair of thermal neutron detectors
– Pair of epithermal neutron detectors
Epithermal = less lithology effect

8
Neutron Tool Evolution

• Newest generation (APS)


– Introduced 1993
– Accelerator neutron source
– Nearly pure hydrogen index measurement

Neutron source is not always


actively emitting neutrons

9
Depth of Investigation

• For CNL
– Deepest neutron log investigation
– About 90% of response
within 10 inches of borehole wall

• For neutron logs in general


– Depth of investigation
decreases slightly at higher porosities
– Reverse of what happens with density logs

14
Log Presentation

• CNL rarely used by itself


(matrix and clay effects)

• Usually run in combination with


– Density log
– Gamma ray log

• A matrix is selected for the log presentation

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18
Environmental Corrections

• Usually small, ignored for quick look

• Used for final calculations


(especially reserve determination)

• Borehole diameter is largest correction

20
Hydrogen Index
• Hydrogen contents of substances HI
– H2O fresh 60 ºF, 14.7 psi 0.669 x 1023 H atoms/cm3 1
– H2O fresh 200 ºF, 7000 psi 0.667 1
– H2O 200.000 ppm 200 ºF, 7000 psi 0.614 0.90
– Methane 200 ºF, 7000 psi 0.329 0.49
– Kaolinite 0.250 0.37
– Chlorite 0.213 0.32
– Glauconite 0.127 0.19
– Montmorrillonite 0.115 0.17
– Illite 0.059 0.09
• Neutron absorbers
– Chlorine but also (weaker, but more common):
– Boron - Potassium (K)
– Gadolinium - Iron (Fe)
– Lithium
• Epithermal neutrons much less sensitive to the presence of these absorbers
* O.Serra – Fundamentals of well-log interpretation, 1. The acquisition of log data, 1984 (Table 8-4; p. 142) 22
Gas Effect
• Gas has less hydrogen and is less dense than liquids
• Neutron log sees gas as decreased porosity

• Density log sees gas as increased porosity

23
Shale Effect
 The large apparent porosity values in
shale are due primarily to the hydrogen
concentration associated with the shale
matrix

 Excess porosity due to the presence of


thermal absorbers alone is no more
than 6-8 pu. The thermal absorbers are
just a minor perturbation

D.V. Ellis & J.M. Singer – Well Logging for Earth Scientists, 2 nd edition, 2008 (fig 21.10 p.614) 24
Combined Density-Neutron Interpretation

• Porosity can be obtained without precise knowledge of


lithology using crossplots

• Gas versus liquid can be determined


– But must know lithology

• Pe can provide lithology information


– Pe not gas affected
Porosity-lithology crossplots solve log
response equations, two dimensions at a time
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