Scribd
Upload
29 views

Lecture2-2 DNS

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS), including its history, structure, purpose of translating domain names to IP addresses, and basic DNS commands like nslookup. DNS is a hierarchical distributed database that maps domain names to IP addresses to enable universal resolvability on the internet.

Uploaded by

ambujsa1027
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views

Lecture2-2 DNS

The document discusses the Domain Name System (DNS), including its history, structure, purpose of translating domain names to IP addresses, and basic DNS commands like nslookup. DNS is a hierarchical distributed database that maps domain names to IP addresses to enable universal resolvability on the internet.

Uploaded by

ambujsa1027
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Lecture 2-2

Domain Name System


Domain Name System (DNS)
• Developed by Postel & Mockapetris
• www.internic.net is a good site to browse
• The phone book of the internet
• But more restrictive … Each entry must be
• Unique
• Authentic
• Universal Resolvability is ensured
• Distributed Database
History of DNS
• Early Internet had no Domain Name System – Just HOSTS file
• Win: C:\WINNT\system32\drivers\etc\HOSTS
• Unix/Linux: /etc/hosts
• Ancient History: Before DNS,
• The master HOSTS file was maintained by SRI International
• Periodically, every computer in the internet reloaded HOSTS file
• ~1984 someone realized that millions of computers and
domains needed a central database – DNS was born
• Still, when a host needs to translate yahoo.com,
• First, HOSTS file is scanned
• Then DNS is used.
DNS Tree
The DNS Tree
● Root Zone File

TLDs kr uk com org edu

co ac icann

yonsei

med cs
Basic DNS Registry Structure

Structure of DNS
DNS
• 13 Identical Root Servers
• All Top Level Domain (TLD) Registries
• Database for each TLD
• .com .org .edu .biz …. (gTLDs)
• .fr .ca etc. country-specific TLDs, or ccTLDs
• Root Servers are
• Authoritative
• Maintained by ICANN, www.icann.org
(International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
Map of the Root DNS Servers

Map of the Root Servers

Click here to see the exact location of Root Servers ( http://www.root-servers.org/ )


U.S. Top Level Domains
Domain Names
• Hierarchical, right to left
• nth level ……. Top Level Domain (Label)
• yadda.yadda.yadda.yadda……….edu
• TLD, or Label may be up to 63 chars long
• Total length of name must be <= 255 chars
• Total length <= 127 labels
• DNS Names are either
• Relative (newriver)
• Fully qualified (newriver.radford.edu, an actual host or server)
DNS Zones

The root
zone.

.edu

radford.edu

Network
Lab in
DA214
DNS Servers
• Each DNS zone has
• A domain name
• At least a primary server
• Probably a secondary server as well
• A computer that maintains a single master list of DNS Names
and IP Addresses for a zone
• Has Authority for that Zone
• Is known as the primary server for the zone
Address “Translation”
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• Given a Domain Name (e.g., yahoo.com), lookup the IP address.
• Command nslookup <somedomain.com> returns:
• DNS Server name & IP addr
• IP address(es) of the domain
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.

H:\>nslookup yahoo.com
Server: newriver.radford.edu
Address: 137.45.26.19

Non-authoritative answer:
Name: yahoo.com
Addresses: 64.58.79.230, 66.218.71.198
nslookup – DNS Translation
• Manual Page for nslookup can be found at
http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/intro-dns.html
http://www.kloth.net/services/nslookup-man.php
• It is for Unix shell, but most operation is same for WIN2K or up.
• The command nslookup allows DNS translation to a DOS cmd
window.
H:\>nslookup

nslookup Default Server: newriver.radford.edu


Address: 137.45.26.19
>?
Commands: (identifiers are shown in uppercase, [] means optional)
NAME - print info about the host/domain NAME using default server
NAME1 NAME2 - as above, but use NAME2 as server
help or ? - print info on common commands
set OPTION - set an option
all - print options, current server and host
[no]debug - print debugging information
[no]d2 - print exhaustive debugging information
[no]defname - append domain name to each query
[no]recurse - ask for recursive answer to query
[no]search - use domain search list
[no]vc - always use a virtual circuit
domain=NAME - set default domain name to NAME
srchlist=N1[/N2/.../N6] - set domain to N1 and search list to N1,N2, etc.
root=NAME - set root server to NAME
retry=X - set number of retries to X
timeout=X - set initial time-out interval to X seconds
type=X - set query type (ex. A,ANY,CNAME,MX,NS,PTR,SOA,SRV)
querytype=X - same as type
class=X - set query class (ex. IN (Internet), ANY)
[no]msxfr - use MS fast zone transfer
ixfrver=X - current version to use in IXFR transfer request
server NAME - set default server to NAME, using current default server
lserver NAME - set default server to NAME, using initial server
finger [USER] - finger the optional NAME at the current default host
root - set current default server to the root
ls [opt] DOMAIN [> FILE] - list addresses in DOMAIN (optional: output to FILE)
-a - list canonical names and aliases
-d - list all records
-t TYPE - list records of the given type (e.g. A,CNAME,MX,NS,PTR etc.)
view FILE - sort an 'ls' output file and view it with pg
exit - exit the program
.arpa
• An explicit way to signal for reverse translation
http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/dot-arpa.html

• Reverse lookups
http://cr.yp.to/djbdns/intro-dns.html#reverse

You might also like