METHODS

AND
PROCEDURES
 CONTENT
● RESEARCH DESIGN
● RESEARCH LOCALE
● RESPONDENTS
● DATA GATHERING
● RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
 OBJECTIVES
● To understand the concept of
methods and procedures in
research
● To identify the different parts of
methods and procedures in
research
● To write the methods of a research
paper
RESULT OF PRE-TEST
 CHAPTER llI
Research methodology
Writing Chapter 3: Methods and Procedures
Begin the chapter with a brief explanation of what the chapter
is all about. The common introductory explanation is as
follows:

Writing the Introductory Paragraph

This chapter presents the discussion on the research
methodology of the study, the subjects, sampling technique,
research instruments, procedures of the data gathering, and
statistical treatment that will be used for accurate data
analysis and interpretation.
6
● RESEARCH DESIGN
● RESEARCH LOCALE
● RESPONDENTS
RESEARCH DESIGN

● is a methodical, well-organized procedure utilized by a researcher,

or a scientist to carry out a scientific study.
● is required to follow a pre-planned, well-thought-out methodology,
in agreement with the pre-selected research type, in order to come
up with an error-free, authentic conclusion.
● It is also considered as “the blueprint of the study”.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
ETHNOGRAPHY

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN PHENOMENOLOGY

GROUNDED THEORY

HISTORICAL RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
CASE STUDY

NARRATIVE STUDY
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
● seeks to describe the current status of an
identified variable.
● These research projects are designed to
provide systematic information about a
phenomenon.
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
● Survey
● Prospective Designs/Longitudinal Designs
● Retrospective Designs/Case-Control Designs
● Correlational Designs/Analytic Designs
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

● Pre-Experimental research design

● True Experimental research design
● Quasi-experimental research design

The prefix quasi means “resembling.” Thus quasi-experimental

research is research that resembles experimental research but is not
true experimental research.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

● can tell you how people feel and what they think, but cannot tell you
how many of your audience feel or think that way.
● Have multiple sources of data
● Interpretive
● Holistic account
● In natural settings
● Researcher is the key instrument
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

● Ethnography
● Phenomenology
● Grounded Theory
● Historical Research
● Case Study
● Narrative Study
RESEARCH LOCALE
 TYPES
● Laboratory Studies
- designed to be more highly
RESEARCH controlled in the relation to
both the environment in
LOCALE which the study is
conducted and the control
- The setting of the study of extraneous and
intervening variables.

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Laboratory Studies
● Physiological laboratory experiments
● Chemistry
● physics experiments
● psychological and microbiological
experiments

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- It is designed to control the possibility of
extraneous variables influencing the effect of the
independent variable on the dependent variable.

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- In the laboratory setting, it is possible to control
environmental variables, such as temperature,
humidity, light and sound, as well as
physiological variables such as nutrition and
hydration of the subjects during the experiment in
the clinic researches.

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 TYPES
● Field Studies
RESEARCH - Simply means
LOCALE they occur
somewhere other
- The setting of the study
than in a controlled
laboratory setting.

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 RESPONDENTS
SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
QUANTITATIVE ● Describe the geographic
STUDY location where the study
will take place, cite
recognizable landmarks
such as a nearby urban
city.
● Describe the participant
pool.
 ● The decision regarding
QUALITATIVE the number of participants
in a study becomes a
STUDY reflection the study’s
purpose.
● Sample size is based on
the total number of
potential participants.
 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS,
RESPONDENTS AND SUBJECTS?
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS,
RESPONDENTS AND SUBJECTS

are usually in
qualitative research
(eg. interviews).
WHO ARE PARTICIPANTS?
● Participate and answer questions in qualitative
studies (eg. interviews and focus groups).
WHO ARE PARTICIPANTS?
● Because qualitative studies are more in-depth than
quantitative, the participant in qualitative studies
contributes more (is more active) than respondents to
a survey or subjects in an experiment.
WHO ARE PARTICIPANTS?
● The participant generally gives much more detailed
answers than a respondent would in a survey.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS,
RESPONDENTS AND SUBJECTS

answer (respond to)

questionnaires - usually
quantitative.
WHO ARE RESPONDENTS?
- Respondents generally answer (respond/reply to) the
questions asked by the researcher - no more, no less.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS,
RESPONDENTS AND SUBJECTS

SUBJECT
S are usually in
experimental/scientific
research (quantitative).
WHO ARE SUBJECTS?
● are the people in the researcher's experiment -
usually quantitative research.
● Subjects is a term used more in science.
● Subjects is generally a more passive term (Example:
Ten subjects were given the behaviour therapy.)
DATA
GATHERING

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WHAT IS DATA GATHERING?

Method used to collect and or acquire

information that will help researchers make
informed decisions about the study being
conducted (Carague et. al., 2009)

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 Importance of Data Collection
‐ Provides direction
‐ Foresee variability
‐ Foresee early success of the
research
 Importance of Data Collection
‐ store and analyze important information
about your existing and potential
customers. ...
‐ collecting data digitally allows for much larger
sample sizes and improves the reliability of
the data.
Tools / Instrument for the Type of Data
Data Type Tool or Instrument
Quantitative Survey, Checklist,
Quizzes
Qualitative Interview, observation,
documents, artifacts,
photos, videos
Mixed Mixture of both
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)

Methods When to use Data collection

Experiment To test causal Manipulate variables

relationship and measure the effect
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)

Methods When to use Data collection

Survey To understand Distribute a list of

the general questions (on-line, in
characteristics person, over-the-phone)
or opinions
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)

Methods When to use Data collection

Interview / To gain an in- Verbally ask

FGD depth participants open-
understanding ended questions in
of perceptions individual interviews
or opinions of or FGD
the topic
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)

Methods When to use Data collection

Observations To Measure / survey a

understand sample without trying
something in to affect them
its natural
setting
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)

Methods When to use Data collection

Ethnography To study the Join and participate in

culture of a a community and
community records your
or reflections and
organization observations
Choosing the Method (adapted from Bhandari, 2020)

Methods When to use Data collection

Archival To understand Access manuscripts

research current or documents or records
historical events,
conditions or
practices
TYPES OF DATA GATHERING

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Commonly Used Data Gathering Method

Rating Scale
Observation
Questionnaire
Interview
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 Rating Scale
‐ Thurstone
Technique
‐ Likert Method
‐ Semantic
Differential
Scale
 Observation
‐ Structured
‐ Unstructured
‐ Covert
‐ Overt
 Observation
‐ Roles
‐ Participant
‐ non-participant
 Observation
‐ Tally Sheets
‐ Anecdotal Records
‐ Time and Motion Logs
 Guides in Observation Procedure
‐ Objectives/ goals
‐ Setting
‐ Social atmosphere
‐ Examine observations
‐ No bias
‐ Compare observations
‐ Integrate observational techniques
Guides in Observation Procedure
Note the following
Length of activity
Descriptive notes
Reflective notes
 Questionnaire
‐ Opinionnaires
‐ Common
‐ Formalized
schedule
 When to use Questionnaire
‐ Inquire
‐ Varied and widely scattered
sources
‐ Cannot personally show
 Advantage
‐ Can be given in large number of
people at the same time
‐ Can be done without being
physically present
 Disadvantage
‐ Unclear and ambiguous questions
cannot be clarified
‐ Respondents has no chance to
react verbally to a question
 Types of Questions
‐ Open-ended
‐ Closed questions
 Parts of a Questionnaire
according to Kinnear, cited by Carague et.al., 2009)

‐ Identification data
‐ Request for cooperation
‐ Instructions
‐ Information sought
‐ Classification data
 Data collection Procedure
‐ Operationalization
‐ Sampling
‐ Standardizing Procedures
‐ Creating Management Plan
‐ Implementation Procedure
 Interview
‐ Types
‐ Face to face
‐ Focus group
interview
‐ Telephone
interview
 Interview
‐ Procedures
‐ Preparatory
‐ Setting
‐ Establishing rapport
‐ Carrying the interview
‐ Recording
‐ Closing
 Narrative

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Data collection in 5 approaches
How to write data gathering procedure?
Step 1: Identify issues and/or opportunities for
collecting data.
Step 2: Select issue(s) and/or opportunity(ies) and
set goals
Step 3: Plan an approach and methods
Step 4: Collect data
Step 5: Analyze and interpret data
Step 6: Act on results

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 WHAT IS
RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT?

70
A research
instrument is a tool
used to obtain,
measure, and
analyze data from
subjects around the
research topic.

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CRITERIA IN SELECTING RESEARCH
INSTRUMENTS
● Nature of research
● Sample
● Number of participants
● Setting
● Social condition
PREPARATION
OF RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT

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 ● These are the fact-finding
RESEARCH
strategies
INSTRUMENTS ● They are the tools for
data collection
● They include
questionnaires,
interviews and
observations

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CHARACTERISTICS 1.Must be valid and reliable
2.Based upon the Conceptual
OF GOOD framework.
3.Must gather data suitable for
INSTRUMENT and relevant to the research
topic.
4.Must gather data would test
the hypotheses or answer the
questions under investigation

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CHARACTERISTICS 5.Free from all kinds of bias.
6.Must contain clear and
OF GOOD definite directions.
7.Must be accompanied by a
INSTRUMENT good cover letter

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 1. Questionnaire which include
TYPES OF structured and unstructured

RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT

77
 1. Questionnaire which include
TYPES OF structured and unstructured
2. Interview which can be
RESEARCH structured and unstructured as
well but has to be person- to
INSTRUMENT person or through telephone.

78
 3. Achievement test.
TYPES OF This is a form of instrument
that are mainly used in school
RESEARCH the determine the performance
of students. Others include ;
INSTRUMENT Rating scale, Checklist etc

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 Criteria for Measuring Research
Instruments

Validity
1.Content Validity
2.Criterion Validity
3.Construct Validity
 Criteria for Measuring Research
Instruments
Reliability
1.Test-Retest Method
2.Equivalent Forms Method
3.Internal Consistency
Method