24/4/25 Security Level: For Internal Use Only

Optical Network
Communication Basics
Xiong Zhiman/32711, Liang
Huafeng/33184 www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

 Preface

This course is developed based

on the SDH principles.
It provides the basic information
about an entire network and
helps the personnel to get
familiar with the transmission
network domain.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

 Targets of the Course

 This course helps you to be familiar with the

following:

 Position and role of the optical network

 Structure of the transmission equipment room
and the composition of the transmission network
 Main structure of the NEs on the optical network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

 Role of the Transmission Network in
the Telecommunication Network
Public switched telephone network (PSTN/N-ISDN)
Access network (AN)
The service
Intelligent network (IN) networks generate
various service
Digital data network (DDN) Common data transmission
communication
Packet switched public data network (PSPDN/FR)
network
requirements.
Internet/Intranet The support
Public land mobile network (PLMN) networks provide
timing, signaling,
CATV
and management
B-ISDN (ATM) support for the
telecommunication
No.7 network network.
Digital synchronous network
The transmission
Telecommunication management network network provides
the required
Optical transmission network (SDH/WDM) transmission
channels for the
service networks.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 4

 Contents
 Role of the Transmission Network in the
Telecommunication Network
 Basic Architecture of the Transmission Network and
Basic Structure of the Transmission NEs
 Basic Structure of the Transmission Equipment Room
 Introduction to the Basic Composition of the
Transmission Network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 5

Services Carried on the Transmission
Network GSR Municipal/Provincial
GE Core router
backbone

Nx155 Mbit/s
Nx100M Transmission on the
2M
provincial backbone network
2M/155M TMSC

MSC Layer 3 switch

2M/155M Metropolitan backbone transmission layer
Backbone POP station
(2.5G)
2M/155M
100M

2M
BSC

Co

Convergence
lay
nv
Convergence

er
er

layer
ge
layer

nc
e
Local voice MSC
BSC

2M/155M
10M private line
2M/155M Remote voice

BTS 100M Local private line 100M

Convergence POP station
BTS Branch of a company
10M private line
100M network speed Convergence POP station
LANS LANS Services on the Internet
100M network speed 100M network speed
Headquarters of a company Intelligent community
Intelligent community

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 6

 Main Port Types Used in the Service
Network (Service Types)
 SDH/PDH
STM-N, E1/T1, E3/T3, and E4 services (Examples are provided to describe the
roles of the services.)
 IP (FE/GE)
10M/100M/1.25G (GE) services
 ATM
155M/622M/2.5G services

Role of the transmission network: connecting various ports used in

the service network to ensure the communication between the ports

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 7

Summary

 We are now familiar with the following:

 Role of the transmission network
 Concepts of the services in the
transmission network
 Types of the services in the
transmission network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 8

 Contents

 Role of the Transmission Network in the

Telecommunication Network
 Basic Architecture of the Transmission Network and
Basic Structure of the Transmission NEs
 Basic Structure of the Transmission Equipment Room
 Introduction to the Basic Composition of the
Transmission Network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 9

 Basic Architecture of the Transmission
Network
Service type
STM-64/16/4/1
GE/POS/10M/100M Backbone layer
STM-16/C
STM-4/C TDM
Fiber channel DWDM
ATM
ESCON IP address
FICON
STM/16/4/1 MSTP
GE/POS/10M/100M
Convergence layer
STM-16/C OptiX 10G/2.5G

Service type STM-4/C SNCP/MSP/VP/IP RING

2M/34/45M ATM
Fiber channel
ESCON
FICON 2M/10M/100M
POS
STM-4/STM- The OptiX
1 ATM
2.5G/622M/155M
10M/100M Access layer
2M/34M/45M SNCP/MSP/VP/IP RING
Industrial ATM
Service type
DDN/DSL
group

Nx64K/2M/10M/100M
Enterprise Ethernet
group ATM

Industrial
Enterprise group
group Intelligent community

Basic architecture of the transmission network: The diagram above shows a specific network.
Various services are groomed and transmitted at the access layer, convergence layer, and backbone
layer.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 10

 Networking Application of the Huawei
OptiX Equipment
OptiX iManager T2000/T2100

BWS 320G BWS 1600G

Long-haul
backbone layer

Metropolitan Metro 6100 OSN 6800 OSN 7500 Metro 5000

OSN 9500
backbone layer

Convergence OSN 3800 Metro 6040 OSN 900 OSN 3500 OSN 2500 Metro 3000 OSN 1500B
layer

Access layer

RTN 620 RTN 610 OSN 1500A Metro 1050 Metro 1000 Metro 500 Metro 100

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 11

 Basic Structure of an SDH NE
Timing Communication and control Orderwire

1. Line interface: implements the O/E

conversion of the STM-N line signals and
processes the management overheads.

Line interface

Line interface
2. Tributary interface: adds/drops service
signals.
PDH: 2 Mbit/s, 34 Mbit/s, 45 Mbit/s, and 140 Cross-connect matrix

Mbit/s
SDH: 155 Mbit/s 622 Mbit/s, and 2.5 Gbit/s
PDH/SDH tributary interface

3. Cross-connect matrix: cross-connects the VCs

in the line signals and tributary signals according to 5. Communication and control: collects the
the requirements to implement the line-line, line- data of each unit on the equipment, sends the
tributary, and tributary-tributary cross-connections, data to the gateway through DCC, and
and adds/drops circuits. receives and implements the commands from
the NMS.
4. Timing circuit: Internal: provides the timing
signal for each unit on the equipment. External: 6. Orderwire: provides the orderwire
extracts the timing signal, supports the hold- communication.
over/free-run mode, and supports the timing
reference switching.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 12

 Actual Structure of the SDH
Equipment: OptiX OSN 3500
Slot for the
interface board

Slot for the

auxiliary unit
Slot for the power
access unit

Fan

Slot for the signal

processing board
Slot for the SCC
unit
Slot for the cross-
connect and timing
unit

Filter

This figure shows the appearance of the SDH equipment.

Can you successfully connect the contents with the information in the previous slide?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 13

 Appearance After Cables Are Properly
Routed

After the cables of the SDH equipment are routed, learn the concepts of the optical interface
area and the electrical interface area.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 14

 Basic Architecture of the SDH Network
Clock synchronization: NMS: implements real-time
synchronizes the clocks in monitor and management
the transmission network. over the operation of the
network.

Communication
Communication Timing Orderwire
Timing Orderwire and control
and control

interface

interface
interface

interface

Line

Line
Line

Line
Cross-connect matrix
Cross-connect matrix

PDH/SDH tributary interface

PDH/SDH tributary interface

Communication
Timing Orderwire
and control
interface

interface
Add/Drop
Line

Line
Add/Drop
services:
services: Cross-connect matrix
2M/34M/140M/ET
2M/34M/140M/ET
PDH/SDH tributary interface H/ATM
H/ATM …

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 15

Summary

 We are now familiar with the following:

 Role of the transmission network
 Concepts of the services in the
transmission network
 Types of the services in the
transmission network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 16

 Contents

 Role of the Transmission Network in the

Telecommunication Network
 Basic Architecture of the Transmission Network and
Basic Structure of the Transmission NEs
 Basic Structure of the Transmission Equipment Room
 Introduction to the Basic Composition of the
Transmission Network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 17

Basic Structure of the Transmission Equipment Room
Composition of the transmission network:
NE1

NE2 NE3

Composition of the actual transmission system of NE1 in the equipment room:

Power cable Power

Fibers from NE3

ODF NE1
Transit fiber jumper

Fibers from NE2

Trunk cable DDF

PGND cable
BITS equipment
PGND bar

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 18

Structure of the Transmission
Equipment Room
The main components of the transmission equipment room are as follows:

ODF: The optical distribution frame (ODF) implements the integrated management of the

fiber connection and jumper connection between the equipment.

DDF: The digital distribution frame (DDF) implements the integrated management of the

cable connection and jumper connection between the equipment.

BITS equipment: provides the synchronous clock for the transmission equipment.

Trunk cable: connects the interface area of the equipment to the DDF.

You can understand the signal flow of one E1 service from NE1 to NE2 based on the

structure diagram of the equipment room.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 19

Summary

 We are now familiar with the following:

 Basic structure of the transmission
equipment room, which helps
understand the scope of work
 Roles of the equipment in the equipment
room, which helps understand the signal
flow

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 20

 Contents

 Role of the Transmission Network in the

Telecommunication Network
 Basic Architecture of the Transmission Network and
Basic Structure of the Transmission NEs
 Basic Structure of the Transmission Equipment Room
 Introduction to the Basic Composition of the
Transmission Network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 21

 Introduction to the Basic Components of
the Transmission Network
The basic components of the transmission network are as follows:

Cabinet and subrack Optical ports

Fibers and cables Fiber connectors
Optical amplifiers
DDF
Power supply and the power distribution cabinet
ODF
Interface boards and 2M cables
Optical attenuator and flange
Routed signal cables
Synchronous clock Grounding
NMS

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 22

 Cabinet and Subrack
 The common types of the
cabinet are as follows:
 ETSI 300 mm cabinet
 ETSI 600 mm cabinet
 19-inch cabinet
 Cabinet used for the access
network equipment
 Based on the height, cabinets are
classified into three types: 2 m, 2.2
m, and 2.6 m cabinets. Each type
of cabinet can house a different
number of subracks.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 23

 Fibers and Cables

Working wavelength of the fiber (working window):

Wavelengths of the optical line signal that is transmitted over the fiber: 850 nm, 1310
nm, and 1550 nm
 The 850 nm window applies to only multi-mode transmission and thus is mainly
used for intra-office communication.
 The 1310 nm and 1550 nm windows are used for single-mode transmission.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 24

Fibers and Cables
Optical channel parameters: attenuation and dispersion
The transmission distance of an optical signal is affected by attenuation
and dispersion of the optical channel.

 Attenuation
The power of the optical signal that is transmitted over the fiber decreases
as the transmission distance increases due to attenuation.
Attenuation of the 1310 nm window per kilometer: 0.4 dB/km
Attenuation of the 1550 nm window per kilometer: 0.25 dB/km
 As a result of dispersion, the digital pulse transmitted over the fiber is
extended. Then, inter-symbol interference occurs, and the quality of the
signal is degraded.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 25

Fibers and Cables
Unit of the optical power:
 dB is a dimensionless unit, indicating a relative quantity.
Power signal: 10lg(p1)/lg(p2) Voltage signal:
20lg(v1)/lg(v2)

 dBm is short for dBmw.

 Indicates that dBm is relative to 1 mw, of which the value is 10lg(actual
optical power)/lg(1 mw).
 Unit of dispersion: ps/nm.km

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 26

 Fibers and Cables

ITU-T specifies the following types of fibers:

 G.652-compliant fiber
 G.653-compliant fiber
 G.654-compliant fiber
 G.655-compliant fiber
 Note: The four types of fibers are designed for different application
scenarios. The application scenarios of the fibers are introduced in
the subsequent courses.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 27

DDF Diagram 1
DDF: connects the switch and the
transmission equipment. The labels on
the DDF are used to implement
centralized management and quick
locating of the cables, thus facilitating
maintenance. In this diagram, the
impedance of the cables is 75 ohms.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 28

 DDF Diagram 2

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ODF Diagram 1 Built-in cable
distribution frame in
the ODF

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 30

 ODF Diagram 2

Two fiber jumpers can be

connected by a flange or an
optical attenuator.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 31

Fiber Connector
The following are different types of fiber connectors:
 FC/PC: FC (round-head fiber jumper connector), PC (the ceramic section is
flat)
 SC/PC: SC (square-head fiber jumper connector), PC (the ceramic section
is flat)
 FC/APC: FC (round-head fiber jumper connector), APC (tending 80 degrees
outwards in a circle, with the center of the section as the circle center)
 LC: small size, high integrity, and wide application in new products
 MTRJ: transceiver fiber connector

FC SC LC MTRJ

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 32

Optical Ports

 Optical ports are ports on optical interface boards. Optical ports are
classified according to the working wavelength, transmission distance, and
rate. The classification codes (for example, L-4.1) are described as follows:

The first letter indicates the specific application scenario (transmission

distance).
I: intra-office communication, where the distance is not more than 2 km
S: short-distance communication (normally, 0–30 km)
L: long-distance inter-office communication (normally, 30–50 km)
V: very-long-distance communication (50–90 km)
U: ultra-long-distance inter-office communication (more than 90 km)

The first number after the hyphen indicates the specific line rate.
"1" indicates STM-1, "4" indicates STM-4, and "16" indicates STM-16.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 33

Optical Ports

The numeric following the dot indicates the specific fiber

type and the working wavelength.

 1 or null: 1310 nm wavelength, G.652-compliant fiber

 2: 1550 nm wavelength, G.652-compliant and G.654-compliant
fibers
 3: 1550 nm wavelength, G.653-compliant fiber
 5: 1550 nm wavelength, G.655-compliant fiber

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 34

 Optical Ports
Application Scenario Intra-Office Short-Distance Inter- Long-Distance Inter-
Office Office

Working wavelength 1310 1310 1550 1310 1550

(nm)

Fiber type G.652 G.652 G.652 G.652 G.652 G.653

Transmission 2 15 40 60
distance

STM-1 I-1 S-1.1 S-1.2 L-1.1 L-1.2 L-1.3

STM-4 I-4 S-4.1 S-4.2 L-4.1 L-4.2 L-4.3

STM-16 I-16 S-16.1 S-16.2 L-16.1 L-16.2 L-16.3

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 35

 Optical Amplifier

 The optical amplifier is used to improve the strength of the optical signals.

Optical
amplifier
Input optical signal
Amplified optical signal

Based on the position relative to the line board, the optical amplifiers can
be classified into the following types:
Pre-amplifier, post-amplifier, and line amplifier

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 36

Interface Boards and 2M Cables
The 2M cables from the
interface boards are
connected to the DDF
through the upward cabling
ladder.

Interface board: accesses the

signals from the DDF to the
tributary boards of the
equipment for processing.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 37

 Routing the Signal Cables (Upward
Cabling and Downward Cabling)

Upward cabling mode: The 2M

cables from the interface boards Downward cabling mode: The
are connected to the DDF 2M cables are routed below the
through the upward cabling anti-static floor in the equipment
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
ladder. Huawei Confidential Page 38
room and then connected to the
DDF.
Centralized Power Distribution
Cabinet and Power Supply
The centralized power
distribution cabinet feeds
power to a row of
communication equipment.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 39

Centralized Power Distribution Cabinet and Power
Supply
Here, the main and standby
power supplies from the
centralized power distribution
cabinet are accessed to the PIU
board in the subrack through the
left four and right four subrack
switches. (Note: for the OptiX
OSN series only)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 40

Equipment Grounding

PGND RTN1(+ RTN2(+ PGND RTN1(+ RTN2(+

) ) ) )
Centralized power cabinet
DC power

Power
ground(+)

PGND
OptiX OptiX

PGND

Protection grounding bar

Other equipment

Grounding bar

Grounding body

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 41

Grounding the SDH Products

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 Layered NMS

OptiX iManager T2800 VSM Service management level (SML)

CORBA

Integrated NMS
MML/CORBA/SNMP
Network management level (NML)
OptiX iManager T2100
MML/CORBA

OptiX iManager T2000 Element management level (EML)

SDH/SONET, MSTP, DWDM, OSN

NE level (NEL)
and so on

Layered NMS and clear network position

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 43

 T2000/T2100 Applied in the Backbone
Network of China Telecom

OptiX iManager
T2100
Provides the layered NM solution. NM center in Beijing
Provides the standard interface for the upper-
level NMS. DWDM equipment of China
Telecom NM center

OptiX iManager OptiX iManager

T2000 T2000

OptiX iManager OptiX iManager

T2000 T2000

10G relay between

long-distance voice
10G relay between long- offices in Guangzhou Taiyuan-Yinchuan-
LanzhouXi'an-Yulin
distance voice offices
Guangzhou-Shantou
in Guiyang

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 44

 Clock
Networkwide synchronization is the most important problem in the digital network.
To ensure normal communication between the receive end and the transmit end during the
transmission of a digital pulse signal, the transmit end needs to place the pulse at a specific
time position (that is, a specific timeslot), and the receive end needs to extract and interpret
this pulse at the specific time position. The timing clocks at the receive and transmit ends are
used to implement this function.
Hence, the purpose of networkwide synchronization is to ensure that the clock frequency
and phase at each node in the network are limited within the preset range. Otherwise, the
transmission performance may be deteriorated (for example, bit errors or jitters may occur)
due to locating errors at the receive/transmit end in the digital transmission system.

STM-1
Packing and
Packet assembly/
PDH Packet locating
Encapsulation Packet Packet

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 45

 Clock Type

Currently, the following types of clocks are used

in the public network:

 Cesium atomic clock

 Rubidium atomic clock
 Crystal oscillator
 GPS

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 46

 Synchronization Mode of the SDH
Network
Based on the working principle, the SDH network can be synchronized in the
following modes:

Reference clock (Beijing)

Synchronous mode

Pseudo-synchronous mode Second-level clock Second-level clock

(Shanghai) (Guangzhou) ......
Quasi-synchronous mode
Third-level Third-level Thrid-level Third-level
Asynchronous mode clock clock clock clock

Forth-level Forth-level Forth-level Forth-level

clock clock clock clock

The synchronous mode is the most common working mode. The pseudo-synchronous mode
is the common international inter-office working mode. The quasi-synchronous mode and
asynchronous mode are the working modes when the network synchronization becomes
abnormal. Huawei adopts the BITS-series products to implement the clock transmission of
each level.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 47

Working Mode

In the master/slave synchronization mode, the slave

clock of a node has the following working modes:

 Trace mode
 Hold-over mode
 Free-run mode

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 48

Conclusion

 In this part, we have learnt the following

information:
 Main components of the transmission
network
 Roles of each main component
 Introduction to the clock and NMS

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 49

Questions
 Q1 What role does the transmission network play in the entire
telecom network?

 Q2 How is a service defined?

 Q3 What is the composition of a typical transmission network?

What are the functions and roles of each component in the
transmission network?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 50

Thank You
www.huawei.com