Electronic circuit

CHAPTER 4 : TIMER

AHMAD NABIHAN BIN MOHD SAHARUM (25DET15F2039)

WIDIALIONG BIN NOORDIN (25DET15F2033)
NURAFIQAH BINTI SARONI (25DET15F2028)
NUR SYAZA BINTI HAMZAH (25DET15F2013)
KEREN NISHA KIRUBHI (25DET15F2019)
1
CHAPTER 4.0 – TIMER
1. Schematic diagram
2. Application
3. Timer mode & Operating principles
4. Schmitt trigger
5. Timer 556
 TIMER

 The 555 timer is an 8-pin IC that is capable of

producing accurate time delays and/or oscillators.
 In the time delay mode, the delay is controlled by
one external resistor and capacitor.
 In the oscillator mode, the frequency of oscillation
and duty cycle are both controlled with two
external resistors and one capacitor.

3
Pin configuration of Timer 555
 The 555 timer consists of;
 Two voltage comparators
 A bi-stable flip flop
 A discharge transistor
 and a resistor divider network.

4
 Pin Function
 PIN 1 Ground--usually connected to ground. The voltage should be the most
negative of any voltage appearing at the other pins.
 PIN 2 Trigger--level-sensitive point to 1/3 VCC. When the voltage at this
pin is brought beloW 1/3 VCC the flip-flop is set causing pin 3 to produce
high state. Allowable applied voltage is between V CC (pin 8) and ground (pin
1).
 PIN 3 Output--level here is normally low and goes high during the timing interval.
Since the output stage is active in both directions, it can source or sink up 200 mA.
 PIN 4 Reset--when voltage at this pin is less than 0.4 V, the timing cycle is
interrupted returning the timer to its nontriggered state. This is an overriding
function so that the timer can not be triggered unless reset is released (pin 4 > 1.0 V).
When not used, connect to VCC.
 PIN 5 Control voltage--internally derived 2/3 VCC point. A resistor-to-ground or an
external voltage may Be connected to pin 5 to change the comparator reference
points. When not used for this purpose, a capacitor-to-ground greater than or equal
to 0.01 mF is recommended for all applications.
 PIN 6 Threshold--level sensitive point to 2/3 VCC. When the voltage at this pin is
brought greater than 2/3 VCC., the flip-flop is reset causing pin 3 to produce a low
state.
 PIN 7 Discharge--collector of a transistor switch to ground (pin1). It is normally
5
used to discharge the timing capacitor.
 PIN 8 VCC--the power-supply voltage connected here can range from 4.5 to 16 V with
respect to ground (pin 1).
555 TIMER INTERNAL CIRCUIT

6
Application of TIMER 555 in electronic equipment

1. Astable multivibrator
2. Monostable multivibrator
3. Missing pulse detector
4. Linear ramp generator
5. Frequency divider
6. Pulse width modulation
7. FSK generator
8. Pulse position modulator
9. Schmitt trigger
10. A light dimmer
11. A car tachometer
12. Traffic Lights
13. Infra Red (IR) remote control 7
 TIMER MODES / TYPES
Multivibrator mode
•Functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator.
•Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce free
switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement,
pulse width modulation (PWM) and so on.

Bistable mode
•The 555 can operate as a flip-flop.
•If the DISCHARGE pin is not connected and no capacitor is used.
•Uses include bounce free latched switches.

Astable mode
•Free running mode: the 555 can operate as an oscillator.
•Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone
generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on.
•Selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a
temperature sensor.
•The period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature.
 Multivibrator
 Multivibrator – A circuit designed to have zero, one, or
two stable output states.
 It has two states either stable or quasi-stable
depending on the type of multivibrator.
 Astable: not stable, no stable states (or Free-
Running Multivibrator)
 Monostable: one stable state (or One-Shot
Multivibrator)
 Bistable: two stable states (or Flip-Flop)

9
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 Know as shoot multivibrator.
 Pulse generator circuit which the period is calculated from RC network and
connected to external of 555 timer.
 Monostable multivibrator is stable when the output logic LOW
 (logic = 0).
 When a pulse is trigger at pin 2(normally negative trigger pulse), timer output
will change to HIGH (+Vs) for a while and change
 to LOW (stable condition). The condition will continue
 LOW until pulse is trigger again.
 The timing period is triggered (started) when trigger input (pin 2) is less than
1/3 Vs, this makes the output high (+Vs) and the capacitor C1 starts to charge
through resistor R1. Once the time period has started further trigger pulses
are ignored.
 The threshold input (pin 6) monitors the voltage across C1 and when this
reaches 2/3 Vs the time period over and the output becomes LOW.
 At the same time discharge (pin 7) is connected to 0V, discharging the
10
capacitor ready for the next trigger.
11
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

 A monostable circuit produces a single output pulse

when triggered.
 • It is called a monostable because it is stable in
just one state: 'output low'.
 • The 'output high' state is temporary.
 • The duration of the pulse is called the time period
(T) and this is
 determined by resistor R1 and capacitor C1:

T =1.1(R1)C 12
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

13
Operation for monostable multivibrator:

 Assume initial output is LOW, circuit at stable condition, transistor Q1

ON, capacitor is connected to ground.
 ii.When negative pulse is triggered to PIN 2 , transistor Q1 OFF (Q1 open
circuit), capacitor C start charging through resistor R1 and output is
HIGH.
 iii.When voltage at capacitor, C reach 2/3 Vs, output will
 change to LOW through flip flop. At the same time,
 flip flop output will make the Q1 ON. Capacitor will
 discharge through transistor Q1.
 iv.Monostableoutput will remain LOW until another
 trigger pulse is triggered to pin 2.

14
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

 Known as free running multivibrator.

 •This type of timer do not have stable condition,
the condition always change.
 •Astable do not need trigger pulse for external to
change the output.
 •The period for LOW and HIGH can be calculated
based on resistor and capacitor value that
connected at outside of timer.

15
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

16
17
formula

• CHARGE TIME ( OUTPUT HIGH ), TH = 0.693 (RA + RB) C

• DISCHARGE TIME ( OUTPUT LOW ), TL = 0.693 RB C
• PERIOD, T = TH + TL
• FREQUENCY, F = WHERE T = TH + TL
• DUTY CYCLE, D = X 100 %

18
 Operation for astable multivibrator:

 Assume the initial is HIGH. Transistor Q1 OFF and

capacitor is charging through resistor RA and RB.
 When capacitor voltage reach 2/3 Vee, Comparator 1
will trigger flip flop and output change from change
from HIGH to LOW. Resistor RB and transistor Q1.
 When the capacitor voltage reach 1/3 Vee,
comparator output 2 will trigger flip flop so the timer
output is HIGH. The cycle is repeated.

19
 BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 In bistable mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop.
 The trigger and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high
via Pull-up resistors while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply grounded.
 Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a 'set' and
transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state).
 Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and
 transitions the output pin to ground (low state).
 No capacitors are required in a bistable configuration.
 Pin 5 (control) is connected to ground via a small-value
 (usually 0.01 to 0.1 uF); pin 7 (discharge) is left floating.

20
 BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 In some cases the pin 6 can also be used as a trigering as like pin 4 which works
as a reset.
 The circuit is called a bistable because it is stable in two states: output high
and output low.
 It is also known as a 'flip-flop'.
 It has two inputs:
 Trigger (555 pin 2) makes the output high.
Trigger is 'active low', it functions when < 1/3 Vs.
 Reset (555 pin 4) makes the output low.
Reset is 'active low', it resets when < 0.7V.
 The power-on reset, power-on trigger and edge-triggering circuits can all be
used as described above for the monostable.

21
22
Buffer- schmitt TriggeR

 555 inverting buffer circuit (a NOT gate)

 It is a bistable circuit in which two transistor switches

are connected regeneratively.

23
 BUFFER –SCHMITT TRIGGER
 Inverting Buffer (Schmitt trigger) also known as NOT gate.
 The buffer circuit's input has a very high impedance (about
1M ) so it requires only a few μA, but the output can sink or
source up to 200mA.
 This enables a high impedance signal source (such as an LDR)
to switch a low impedance output transducer (such as a
lamp).
 It is an inverting buffer or NOT gate because the output logic
state (low/high) is the inverse of the input state:
-Input low (< 1/3 Vs) makes output high, +Vs
-Input high (> 2/3 Vs) makes output low, 0V

24
 BUFFER –SCHMITT TRIGGER
 When the input voltage is between 1/3 and 2/3 Vs the output remains in its
present state.
 This intermediate input region is a deadspace where there is no response, a
property called hysteresis, it is like backlash in a mechanical linkage.
 This type of circuit is called a Schmitt trigger.
 If high sensitivity is required the hysteresis is a problem, but in many circuits
it is a helpful property.
 It gives the input a high immunity to noise because once the circuit output
has switched high or low the input must change back by at least 1/3 Vs to
make the output switch back.

25
26
BUFFER –SCHMITT TRIGGER
 The defining characteristic of any Schmitt Trigger is its
hysteresis.
 In this case, it is 1/3 and 2/3 of the power supply
voltage, defined by the built in resistor voltage divider
on the 555.
 The built in comparators C1 and C2 compare the input
voltage to the references provided by the voltage divider
and use the comparison to trip the built in flip flop,
which drives the output driver, another nice feature of
the 555 .

27
 The 555 can drive up to 200 mA off either side of
the power supply rail, the output driver creates a
very low conduction path to either side of the power
supply connections.
 The 5KΩ resistors are not very accurate.
 It is interesting to note that IC fabrication doesn't
generally allow precision resistors, but the resistors
compared to each other are extremely close in
value, which is critical to the circuits operation.

28
29
Basic Modes / Types of 555-Timer Schematic Circuits

5V
5V

Ra R

4
8

4
8
R

R
7 7

VCC

VCC
DIS DIS
1K
Rb 3 3
Q Q
6 6
THR 2 THR
2
TR LED TR LED
5

GND
5
GND

CV CV

2
NE555 NE555
C

0.01uF
C

1
0.01uF

1
Astable Multivibrator Monostable Multivibrator
puts out a continuous (or one-shot) puts out one
sequence of pulses pulse each time the switch
is connected

30
THANK YOU