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BASIC ELECTRICITY Utilities

The document provides information about basic electricity concepts including electric charges, conductors and insulators, electric circuits, current, voltage, sources of electricity such as mechanical, chemical, solar, and thermal means, resistance, Ohm's law, power, energy, and sample problems and solutions.

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28 views

BASIC ELECTRICITY Utilities

The document provides information about basic electricity concepts including electric charges, conductors and insulators, electric circuits, current, voltage, sources of electricity such as mechanical, chemical, solar, and thermal means, resistance, Ohm's law, power, energy, and sample problems and solutions.

Uploaded by

Line Pestaño
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BASIC ELECTRICITY

ELECTRICITY
Electricity has a very large influence on
our lives, but it is not well understood by
many people. Electricity is used to power
many of the things that we use every day.
.
Electric Charges
• Three particles that make up an atom:
– Protons
– Neutrons
– Electrons T IVE
P OSI

EU T R AL
N

NE
GA
TIV
E
COPPER ATOM
Conductors and Insulators
• Conductors are the materials or substances
which allow electricity to flow through them.

• Insulators are the materials or substances


which resist or don’t allow the current to flow
through them.
• Semi-conductors are materials that posses
the properties of both the conductor and the
insulator.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
CURRENT
• The flow of free electrons on a closed electric circuit.
Symbol is I
Unit is ampere(A) equivalent to the flow of
6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons per second
The instrument used to measure current is known
as the ammeter.
1 A= 1000mA= 1,000,000µA
VOLTAGE
• It is the force that makes electrons move in a certain
direction within a conductor.
• Also known as the Electromotive Force(EMF)
• Can be DC or AC
• Symbol is E or V
• Unit is volts(V)
EXAMPLES OF VOLTAGE SOURCES
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Mechanical
2. Chemical
3. Photovoltaic
4. Thermoelectric
5. Piezoelectric
MECHANICAL MEANS
Conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy
• ICE ENGINES(Diesel, gasoline, bunker, etc.)
• Coal plants Example: Generator
• Nuclear
• Geothermal
• Hydro

Open Type Closed Type


Faraday’s Discovery
“ Moving a conductor across magnetic lines of
force will produce voltage at the ends of the
conductor.”
• Voltage generated is directly proportional to the speed of
rotation. V increases as speed(RPM) is increased.
• Voltage generated will also increase as the number of
turns is increased. V increases as N is increased.
EMF Equation For DC Generator:
• The EMF generated per conductor in a DC generator is:
• EMF equation for DC generator

• Z = number of conductors
• P = number of Poles
• N = Speed of rotor in RPM
• A = number of parallel paths
CHEMICAL MEANS
Movement of electrons from one electrode to the other
placed in a solution known as an electrolyte.
Ex. Batteries
CHEMICAL MEANS
Conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy.
SOLAR OR PHOTOVOLTAIC MEANS
Conversion of solar energy to electrical
energy.
Electricity from Solar Panels
THERMAL MEANS
Conversion of heat energy to electrical energy.
Common applications in instrumentation and controls.
Devices are responsible in automation of systems.
THERMAL MEANS
Two dissimilar metals when heated will produce
electricity.
Ex.: Thermocouple
RESISTANCE
The opposition to the flow of electrical current. Measured in
ohms is a term that describes the forces that oppose the
flow of electrical current in a conductor.
• Unit is ohms
• Symbol
1K = 1000
1M =1,000,000
OHM’S LAW
• In 1926, George Simon Ohm described the relationship
between current,voltage and resistance with his popular
Ohm’s Law.
Ohm’s Law states that
“Current(I) is directly proportional to the amount of
Voltage(V) and inversely proportional to the value of
Resistance(R).” V
I =
R
OHM’S LAW TRIANGLE
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. An electric bulb draws a current of 2 amperes when
connected to a 12volts DC source. What is the
resistance of the electric bulb?
2. The electrician measured the resistance of a water
heater to be 10 ohms. If connected to a 220 volt source,
how much current will flow in the circuit?
3. What will be the appropriate fuse for a rice cooker with a
resistance of 75 ohms if connected to a 220V source?
A. 2 amperes B. 3 amperes C. 4 amperes
SOLUTION
• Given:
I= 2 amperes
V=12 volts
Find: R
V 12V
I= ------------- R= ----------
R 2A
V = 6Ω
R= ----------
I
Practice with Ohm’s Law
Ohms Volts Amps
4 100 25
15 150 10
2 30 15
9 45 5
6 48 8
POWER
• The amount of energy transferred or converted per unit
time. In the International System of Units, the unit of
power is the watt.

• 1 HORSEPOWER= 746 WATTS


1 KILOWATT= 1000 WATTS
FORMULAS FOR POWER
P=VX I P= I R
Where: Where:
P = Power in watts P= Power in watt
V = Voltage in volts I = Current in amperes
I = Current in amperes R= Resistance in ohms
V
P=------- Where: V=Voltage
R R=Resistance in ohms
P=Power in watts
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. How much current will a 50 watts incandescent bulb
draws if connected to a 220 V source?
2. A 5 horsepower DC motor is connected to a 110 volts
source. What is the resistance of this motor?
3. A certain resistor has a resistance of 1.5 kilohms. How
much current in milliamperes it will draw if supplied from
a 6 volts battery? What should be its power rating?
ENERGY
Energy= Power x Time
Units:
Energy = KW x HOURS
1 KW-HOUR = 1000 WATT-HOURS
We are buying energy from CENECO since they sell their
services in KW-Hrs.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. How much will CENECO charge if I operate a1000 watt pressure cooker for
2 hours? Assume CENECO will charge P12.00 per KW-HR
2. What would be your electric bill in one month for using the following
appliances? Assume a 30 day month.
1. Refrigerator, 400 watts with an average operating hours of 16 hours per
day
2. 4 Incandescent bulbs with 50Watts power rating operating at 12 hours
per day.
3. 1- 5 horsepower Aircon unit operating at 4 amperes current operating at
10 hours per day.
SOLUTION FOR PROB. NO. 1
Given:
P= 1000 W
t = 2 hr
Rate= P12.00/KW-hr
Find: Bill(Cost of operating the appliance)
Bill= Energy x Rate/KW-hr
Energy= P x t
1000 W
= ------------ x 2 hr = 2 KW-hr
1000W/ KW
Bill= 2 KW-hr x P12.00/KW-hr
= P24.00
THANK YOU

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