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BINDING
MATERIALS
CEMENT AND LIME
Civil Engineering Materials | Chapter No. 05 | Binding Materials

ENGR. MUHAMMAD BAQIR

M.E Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering | QUEST Campus Larkana
 CEMENT 2

Definition:
• Cement is a binding material used in construction
that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials
to bind them together. It is a crucial component in
concrete, which is widely used in the construction
industry. The most common type of cement is
Portland cement, which is produced through a
process known as clinkering.
 CEMENT 3

History:
• The word cement is can be traced back to the Roman
word termed as Caementicium.
• First cements produced by early Greeks and Romans
from volcanic ash mixed with slaked lime.
• Lime and Clay have been used as cementing material
on construction through many centuries.
 CEMENT 4

History:
• In 1824, Joseph Aspdin from England invented
Portland cement. It binds fine and coarse aggregate
together.
• Grey color with greenish shade.
• Called “Portland” because concrete made with it
resembled natural stone from the Isle of Portland.
 MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT 5

• Extraction of Raw Materials: Limestone, clay, shale, and silica are extracted and transported to the
cement plant.
• Crushing and Grinding: The raw materials are crushed and ground into a fine powder.
• Mixing: The powdered raw materials are mixed in the correct proportions to form a homogenous
mixture.
• Burning: The mixture is heated in a rotary kiln to a temperature of around 1450°C, resulting in the
formation of clinker.
• Grinding of Clinker: The clinker is finely ground with gypsum to produce cement.
TYPES OF CEMENT 6
 TYPES OF CEMENT 7

Some Common Types of Cement:

• Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC): This is the most common type of cement used in construction.
• Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC): It contains pozzolanic materials like fly ash, which enhance its
durability.
• Rapid Hardening Cement: It gains strength more quickly than OPC and is suitable for fast-track
construction projects.
• Low Heat Cement: It generates less heat during hydration and is used in large concrete structures.
• White Cement: It is similar to OPC but with a white color, used for architectural purposes.
• Sulfate-Resistant Cement: It is resistant to sulfate attacks, making it suitable for marine and
sulfate-rich soil applications.
 CONSTITUENTS OF CEMENT 8

The main constituents of cement are:

• Tricalcium silicate (C3S)
• Dicalcium silicate (C2S)
• Tricalcium aluminate (C3A)
• Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF)
 CONSTITUENTS OF CEMENT 9

Their Use:
• C3S: Contributes to early strength development.
• C2S: Provides long-term strength.
• C3A: Influences the setting time.
• C4AF: Affects the color and sulfate resistance.
 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT 10

• Setting and Hardening:

– Setting Time: The time taken for the cement to change from a plastic state to a solid state. It includes
initial setting time and final setting time.
– Hardening: The process by which cement gains strength over time, achieving its maximum strength
through the hydration reaction.
• Strength:
– Cement provides compressive strength to concrete, determining its ability to withstand loads. The strength
of cement is typically measured in terms of its compressive strength after a specified curing period.
• Fineness:
– The fineness of cement refers to the particle size distribution of the cement particles. A finer cement
typically results in a more reactive material, leading to faster setting times and increased early strength.
 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT 11

• Soundness:
– Soundness refers to the ability of cement to retain its volume after setting without excessive expansion or
contraction. Cement that undergoes significant volume changes may lead to cracking in concrete
structures.
• Heat of Hydration:
– The heat generated during the hydration process of cement can affect the temperature rise in large
concrete structures. Understanding and controlling the heat of hydration is essential to prevent thermal
cracking.
• Workability:
– Workability is the ease with which fresh concrete can be mixed, placed, and finished. It depends on factors
such as water-cement ratio, cement content, and the use of admixtures.
 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT 12

• Setting Expansion:
– The expansion that occurs when cement paste sets can affect the durability of concrete. Excessive expansion
may lead to cracking and reduced long-term performance.
• Color:
– The color of cement is typically gray. However, white cement is also available for specific architectural and
decorative purposes.
• Resistance to Sulfate Attack:
– Some cements are designed to resist the detrimental effects of exposure to sulfates in soils or water.
Sulfate-resistant cement is often used in areas with high sulfate concentrations.
 PROPERTIES OF CEMENT 13

• Durability:
– The durability of concrete, largely influenced by the properties of cement, is crucial for the long-term
performance of structures. Factors like resistance to abrasion, freeze-thaw cycles, and chemical attacks
contribute to durability.
• Adhesion:
– Cement provides adhesion between different construction materials, allowing them to bond together and
form a cohesive structure.
• Hydraulicity:
– Hydraulicity refers to the ability of cement to set and harden when mixed with water. This property is
essential for the formation of stable and durable concrete.
 FIELD TESTS 14

• Color Test
• Physical Inspection
• Setting Time Test: Time taken for cement to harden. Initial setting time is tested using Vicat apparatus.
• Soundness Test: Ability to retain volume after setting, Tested using Le-Chatelier apparatus.
• Fineness Test: Checked using sieve analysis.
• Strength Test
• Temperature Rise Test
• Bulk Density Test
• Presence of Lumps
• Setting Expansion Test
 SPECIAL CEMENT 15

• High Alumina Cement: Used in refractory concrete and in structures exposed to high temperatures.
• Expansive Cement: Expands slightly after setting, reducing shrinkage cracks.
• Oil Well Cement: Designed for use in oil and gas well drilling operations.
• Hydrophobic Cement: Resistant to water, suitable for structures exposed to water or humidity.
• Pozzolanic Cement: Contains materials like volcanic ash or fly ash, enhancing durability.
• Colored Cement: Pigments are added to produce colored concrete.
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