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Lesson 8 Heat Thermodynamics

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15 views

Lesson 8 Heat Thermodynamics

Uploaded by

Jaz Benito
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HEAT &

THERMO D Y N A M IC S
LESSON 7
HEAT
• ENERGY THAT IS TRANSFERRED FROM ONE BODY TO ANOTHER AS THE RESULT OF
A DIFFERENCE IN TEMPERATURE. IF TWO BODIES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
ARE BROUGHT TOGETHER, ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED—I.E., HEAT FLOWS—FROM
THE HOTTER BODY TO THE COLDER.
• IN THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT IS DEFINED AS THE FORM OF ENERGY CROSSING
THE BOUNDARY OF A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM BY VIRTUE OF A TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCE ACROSS THE BOUNDARY. A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM DOES NOT
CONTAIN HEAT
THERMODYNAMICS
• THERMODYNAMICS – HEAT AND WORK.
• THERMODYNAMICS IS A BRANCH OF PHYSICS LOOKING AT HOW CHANGES
IN ENERGY, WORK AND THE FLOW OF HEAT INFLUENCE EACH OTHER. IT CAN
EXPLAIN THE WORKINGS OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE, A
REFRIGERATOR AND THE SUN.
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

• THE FIRST LAW- STATES THE HEAT GAINED OR LOST IN A SYSTEM


IS EQUAL TO THE INCREASE OR DECREASE IN THE INTERNAL
ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM PLUS THE WORK DONE ON OR BY THE
SYSTEM
MATHEMATICALLY SPEAKING
• TOTAL HEAT = CHANGE IN INTERNAL ENERGY + WORK DONE
Q = U + W (EQN 11.13)

• WHERE ALL THREE QUANTITIES ARE MEASURED IN JOULES.


• IN THIS EQUATION, WE HAVE THE FOLLOWING CONVENTIONS:
• Q IS POSITIVE IF YOU ADD HEAT TO THE SYSTEM AND NEGATIVE IF YOU REMOVE HEAT FROM THE
SYSTEM.

• W IS POSITIVE IF THE WORK IS DONE BY THE SYSTEM, AND NEGATIVE IF WORK IS DONE ON THE
SYSTEM.

• •U IS ARBITRARY AND CAN BE EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF Q AND W.


JOULES EXPERIMENT SHOWING FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE
James Prescott Joule was an English physicist,
mathematician and brewer, born in Salford,
Lancashire., England. Joule studied the nature of
heat, and discovered its relationship to
mechanical work. This led to the law of
conservation of energy, which in turn led to the
development of the first law of thermodynamics.
The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named
after him
JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE
• SHOWED THAT HEAT AND THE CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE IT CAN CAUSE, ARE FORMS OF ENERGY. BY
CONSTRUCTING AN EXPERIMENT TO MEASURE THE TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN WATER DUE TO
WORK DONE ON IT BY STIRRING, HE SHOWED THAT THE LOSS OF GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL
ENERGY BY DROPPING A WEIGHT WAS TURNED INTO VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY. IT WAS
CONVERTED INTO KINETIC ENERGY OF THE WEIGHT, WHICH WAS CONVERTED TO ROTATIONAL
ENERGY OF THE PADDLES, WHICH STIRRED THE WATER AND CAUSED A INCREASE IN
TEMPERATURE OF THE WATER DUE TO THE INCREASED INTERNAL KINETIC ENERGY OF THE WATER.
SO WE CAN PUT HOT MATERIALS TO WORK FOR US, SINCE THE HEAT IS A FORM OF ENERGY AND
ENERGY IS THE ABILITY TO DO WORK. WE MOST OFTEN USE THIS IDEA TO RUN THE REFRIGERATOR.
USING THE FIRST LAW, WHY IS IT COLD?
USING EQUATION 11.13,THE COMPONENT
• INSIMPLE TERMS THE FOLLOWING WORK DONE ON THE SYSTEM (W) = FROM THE
ELECTRICITY APPLIED TO POWER THE REFRIGERATOR MOTOR, WHICH COOLS THE
REFRIGERATOR = NEGATIVE SINCE WORK IS DONE ON THE SYSTEM TOTAL HEAT (Q) = HEAT
NEEDED TO LOWER THE TEMPERATURE FROM ROOM TEMPERATURE TO NEAR FREEZING =
NEGATIVE SINCE HEAT IS REMOVED FROM THE REFRIGERATOR (COOLING). CHANGE IN
INTERNAL ENERGY (U) = NEGATIVE SINCE BOTH Q AND W ARE NEGATIVE, THEREFORE, THE
FINAL STATE OF (ENERGY IN) THE REFRIGERATOR IS LESS THAT ITS INITIAL STATE.

• THE SECOND LAW ITIS IMPOSSIBLE FOR HEAT TO FLOW FROM A POINT OF LOWER
TEMPERATURE TO A POINT OF HIGHER TEMPERATURE WITHOUT THE APPLICATION OF ENERGY
FROM AN EXTERNAL SOURCE.
THE SECOND LAW STATES THAT
• EXTERNAL ENERGY IS APPLIED TO CHANGE THE DIRECTION OF HEAT FLOW. AS
EXPLAINED IN THE FIRST LAW, REFRIGERATORS HAVE MOTORS THAT DO WORK.
AND WHO SAYS THE FLOW OF HEAT IS FROM LOW TO HIGH TEMPERATURE?
COOLING DEVICES MAKE USE OF COOLANTS LIKE FREON. THIS IS THE PLACE WHERE
THE HEAT IN THE REFRIGERATORS FLOW (SO IT’S STILL FROM HOT TO COLD).
BECAUSE OF THE COOLANTS, THERE WILL BE EQUILIBRIUM IN THE REFRIGERATOR,
COOLING IT. THEN THE WASTED HEAT WILL BE GREATER THAN THE TEMPERATURE AT
THE ROOM NEAR IT, EXHAUSTING OUTWARD (STILL HOT TO COLD).
ENTROPY
• ENTROPY IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF WASTED HEAT IN THE SYSTEM.
IT IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF DISORDER IN THE SYSTEM. ENTROPY
CHANGE = HEAT ADDED/TEMPERATURE (IN K) (EQN 11.14) THE ENTROPY
CHANGES FOR REVERSIBLE PROCESSES ARE BIGGER THAT THOSE FOR NON-
REVERSIBLE (REAL LIFE) PROCESSES, WHICH HAVE FICTION. ANOTHER WAY
TO EXPRESS THIS LAW IS THAT OVER TIME THE AMOUNT OF ENTROPY IN
THE UNIVERSE INCREASES.
ACTIVITY TIME:
• CHOOSE THE LETTER OF YOUR ANSWER AND WRITE IT IN A ¼ SHEET OF
PAPER.
• THIS WILL BE INCLUDED IN YOUR CLASS STANDING AS A QUIZ.

• GOOD LUCK FOLKS!


QUESTIONS RELATED TO HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS
1.THE LATENT HEAT OF STEAM AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IS.......
(A).1535 KJ/KG
(B).1875 KJ/KG
(C).2257 KJ/KG
(D).2685 KJ/KG
2. THE EFFICIENCY OF ERICSSON CYCLE IS........CARNOT CYCLE
(A).GREATER THAN
(B).LESS THAN
(C).EQUAL TO
(D).NONE OF THE ABOVE
3. AS LAWS ARE APPLICABLE TO........
(A).GASES AS WELL AS VAPORS
(B).GASES ALONE AND NOT TO VAPORS
(C).GASES AND STEAM
(D).GASES AND VAPORS UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS
4. GENERAL GAS EQUATION IS........
(A).PV = NRT
(B).PV = MRT
(C).PVN = C
(D).CP - CV = R/J
5. CARNOT CYCLE CONSISTS OF........
(A).TWO CONSTANT VOLUME AND TWO REVERSIBLE ADIBATIC PROCESSES
(B).TWO ISOTHERMAL AND TWO REVERSIBLE ADIBATIC PROCESSES
(C).TWO CONSTANT PRESSURE AND TWO REVERSIBLE ADIBATIC PROCESSES
(D).ONE CONSTANT VOLUME, ONE CONSTANT PRESSURE AND TWO REVERSIBLE ADIBATIC PROCESSES.
6. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING LAWS IS APPLICABLE FOR THE BEHAVIOR OF PERFECT GAS .......
(A).BOYLE'S LAW
(B).CHARLE'S LAW
(C).GAS-LUSSAC LAW
(D).ALL OF THE ABOVE
7. AN IDEAL GAS AS COMPARED TO A REAL GAS AT VERY HIGH PRESSURE OCCUPIES........
(A).MORE VOLUME
(B).LESS VOLUME
(C).SAME VOLUME
(D).NONE OF THE ABOVE
8. THE EFFICIENCY OF CARNOT CYCLE MAY BE INCREASED BY........
(A).INCREASING THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE
(B).DECREASING THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURE
(C).INCREASING THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE
(D).DECREASING THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE
9. OTTO CYCLE IS A........
(A).CONSTANT PRESSURE CYCLE
(B).CONSTANT VOLUME CYCLE
(C).CONSTANT TEMPERATURE CYCLE
(D).CONSTANT ENTROPY CYCLE
10. FOR THE SAME COMPRESSION RATIO, THE EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL CYCLE IS........OTTO CYCLE
(A).GREATER THAN
(B).LESS THAN
(C).EQUAL TO
(D).NONE OF THE ABOVE
11. WATER AT STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS .......
(A).BEHAVES AS AN IDEAL GAS
(B).IS MOSTLY LIQUID
(C).IS FAR ABOVE ITS CRITICAL STATE
(D).IS FAR BELOW ITS CRITICAL STATE
12. THE LOCUS OF STANDARD LIQUID LINE AND STANDARD VAPOR LINE MEETS AT........
(A).BOILING POINT
(B).CRITICAL POINT
(C).ICE POINT
(D.)TRIPLE POINT
13. THE ENTHALPY OF DRY SATURATED STEAM........WITH THE INCREASE IN PRESSURE
(A.)DECREASES
(B).INCREASES
(C).REMAINS CONSTANT
(D).ALL OF THE ABOVE
14. THE SPECIFIC VOLUME OF WATER WHEN HEATED FROM 00C........

(A).INCREASES STEADILY
(B).DECREASES STEADILY
(C).FIRST INCREASES THEN DECREASES
(D).FIRST DECREASES THEN INCREASES
15. THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ABSORBED TO EVAPORATE 1 KG OF WATER FROM ITS SATURATION TEMPERATURE,
WITHOUT CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE, IS CALLED........
(A).SENSIBLE HEAT OF WATER
(B).LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
(C).ENTHALPY OF STEAM
(D.)ENTROPY OF STEAM
16. SUPERHEATED VAPOR BEHAVES.......
(A.)EXACTLY AS GAS
(B).AS STEAM
(C).AS ORDINARY VAPOR
(D).APPROXIMATELY AS A GAS
17. ACCORDING TO KINETIC THEORY OF GASES, THE ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMPERATURE IS ATTAINED WHEN........
(A).VOLUME OF GAS IS ZERO
(B).PRESSURE OF THE GAS IS ZERO
(C).KINETIC ENERGY OF THE MOLECULES IS ZERO
(D.)SPECIFIC HEAT OF GAS IS ZERO
18. THE UNIT OF PRESSURE IN S.I. UNIT IS........
(A.)KG/CM2
(B).MM OF WATER COLUMN
(C).PASCAL
(D).BARS
19. THE PRESSURE OF A GAS IN TERMS OF ITS MEAN KINETIC ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME E IS EQUAL TO........
(A).E/3
(B).E/2
(C).3E/4
(D).2E/3
20. NO LIQUID CAN EXIST AS LIQUID AT........
(A.)-2730 K
(B).VACUUM
(C.)ZERO PRESSURE
(D.)CENTER OF EARTH

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