ALTERNATE RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

1. SOLAR ENERGY
2. HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
3. WIND ENERGY
4. OCEAN ENERGY
5. GEO-THERMAL ENERGY
6. BIOMASS ENERGY
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
7. COAL FOSSIL FUELS
8. PETROLEUM
9. LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS
10. NATURAL GAS
 Employees for Climate Change

• Amazon Employees for Climate Justice

1. Zero emissions by 2030: Pilot electric vehicles first in

communities most impacted by our pollution
2. Zero custom Amazon Web Services (AWS) contracts for fossil
fuel companies to accelerate oil and gas extraction
3. Zero funding for climate denying lobbyists and politicians
4. Amazon has pledged to become carbon neutral by 2040
5. Will operate 100,000 electric trucks for delivery
6. 80% of its “global infrastructure” on renewable energy by 2024
and 100% by 2040
Does Renewable Energy has the
potential to save lives?
1 unit = 1,000 Wh = 1 kWh

Giga Watt = 10^6 kWh = 10^3 Mega Watt

UNIT
kWh
MkW
GkW or GW

100 Wh of bulb.
1000 Wh consumes = 1 unit
1 W = 1/1000 W
100 w = 1/1000 * 100 = 0.1 units
4.2/-
0.1 * 4.2 = 0.42/- for an hour
0.42 * 6h = 2.52/-
Necessity is the Mother of Invention
Gulf shock in 1980s led Indian Government to explore renewable energy sources.

India became the first country in the world to have a dedicated ministry for
Renewable Energy
1) CASE - Commission for Alternate Sources of Energy
2) DNES - Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources
3) MNES - Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (1992)
4) MNRE - Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (2007)
CASE DNES

MNES MNRE
 Renewable Energy in India

• In 2002, = 3,497 MW
• Presently, = 83,304 MW (Grid connected + off grid)

1. Coal + Lignite = 57 %
2. Renewable = 21 %
3. Hydro = 13 %
4. Gas = 7 %
5. Nuclear = 2 %
6. Diesel = 0.3 %
Indian Renewable Energy Targets
• As a part of the Paris Climate
Agreement COP-21 Summit (2015)
• India is running one of the
largest & most ambitious RE Most diversified programs in RE
capacity expansion programs in from family-type biogas plants to
the world providing solar lanterns to the
poor villagers to the setting up of
wind turbines to the high-tech fue

1. 175 GW of installed
capacity by 2022
•
2. 350 GW by 2030
Indian Renewable Energy Targets

• With 83 GW RE installation, India is now the fourth largest RE generator

in the world
• China (334 GW), USA (161 GW), Germany (106 GW) (Jul 2018)

100 GW from solar power

10 GW from biomass power 175 GW
450 GW, 2019 - 2030
60 GW from wind power
5 GW from small hydro power 500 GW, 2021:
attaining by 2030
 Recent commitments made by India in COP 26

1. Cutting down India’s carbon emission (GHGs) by 1 billion MT by

2030
2. Reduce the carbon intensity by 45 %
3. 50 % of India’s energy requirement to be met by renewable
resource of energy
4. Non-fossil fuel power generation to 500 GW by the end of this
decade- upgraded from 450 GW
5. Net zero emission by 2070

https://mnre.gov.in/img/documents/uploads/file_f-1608040317211.pdf
https://electricity.ca/learn/electricity-today/generating-electricity/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXbtjdg0XKI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7a_LMM2_fE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHX9pmQ6m_s
CO2 + H2 = CH4 + O2

Bacteria are involved

Challenges with RE:
Limited Awareness in consumers
• Rapid technological advances, implementation
procedures & competitive prices of RE technologies.
• Adopting various business models e.g. BOOT, RESCO,
CAPEX models.

Financial
• Government and pvt. agencies need to ensure huge
financial assistance in the form of subsidies and loans.

Policy Barriers
• Policy uncertainty and poor implementation
• Land acquisition

Need for the skills

• Our workforce need to be trained efficiently
Different Business Model for buying Solar Panel:
1. CAPEX Model: Capital Expenditure
Differences in OPEX and CAPEX model
• 100 % investment is borne by the customer.

• Customer holds the ownership of the solar panels.

2. OPEX Model: Operation Expenditure, also known as

BOOT system (Build, Operate, Own, and Transfer)

• A RESCO invests, installs and maintains the solar panels

under an agreement known as Power Purchase Agreement
(PPA) for a fixed tenure.

• Thus, a customer has to pay for having solar electricity, in

case it wants to.

• It reduces the risk of handling, performance etcetera that

is there in the CAPEX model.
OPEX model or
BOOT model
CAPEX MODEL
Solar Energy : India is a natural solar market
Sizing up solar panel
Find the notes in the following link:

https://prachisingh2288.blogspot.com/2022/02/sizing-up-solar-panel-requirements.html#more
Numerical:
Q.1. Your house consumption of electricity for an year is given in a table below:
MONTHS TOTAL UNIT
CONSUMPTION
JANUARY 400 units
FEBRUARY 500 units
MARCH 800 units
APRIL 1200 units
MAY 1800 units
JUNE 2000 units
JULY 1800 units
AUGUST 1300 units
SPETEMBER 1200 units
OCTOBER 1200 units
NOVEMBER 700 units
DECEMBER 600 units

The standard wattage of a solar panel is 250 watt. The sun-peak hours of your area is 4 h.
Calculate,
1. The total power requirements from the solar panels array.
2. Calculate the number of solar panels that will be required.
Q.2. 15m

90inch

6m
40inch

Solar Panel
Roof Top
The dimensions of the roof top and the standard size of a solar panel is given. Based on the information calculate the
following,

1. Find the number of 300 wattage solar panels for the roof (Note: report your answer in whole numbers)
2. What will be the total wattage electricity if entire roof is utilized in installing 300 wattage solar panels.

You have decided that out of the total electricity produced from the panels 70 % will be consumed for the house and
remaining will be sold at 4 Rs/unit.

3. Calculate the amount of earnings for a month.

Also, you have calculated that the average grid electricity consumption of your house is 52.5 kW/day. You were initially paying
7/- per unit.
4. How much you are paying on the electricity bill for a month?
5. How much will you save once you decide to replace this electricity by solar panels?
6. Calculate the total savings (Hint: total earnings from selling solar electricity (3) + payment on the electricity bill (4))
 Recent development in the solar energy in India

1. India is the 5th in position in deploying solar panels

2. To achieve 227 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022, much ahead of its target
175 GW proclaimed in the Paris Agreement, and 523 GW by 2030.
3. 227 GW includes 263 GW solar and 107 GW wind power.
4. In 2021, the installed solar capacity amounts to 49 GW.
5. India added, 11.1 GW capacity in the year 2021 (Jan to November 2021).

The following is the breakup of total installed capacity for Renewables, as of 31

December 2021:
•Wind power: 40.08 GW
•Solar Power: 49.34 GW
•BioPower: 10.61 GW
•Small Hydro Power: 4.83 GW
•Large Hydro: 46.51 GW
How much units will 1kWp will generate??
= 4 Units
Out of India’s target of achieving 175 GW by 2022
Majority of share is from solar – 100 GW
• 100 GW target is further divided into
1) 60 GW from large grid connected projects
2) 40 GW from rooftop systems
Wind Energy
SMALL HYDRO POWER PROJECTS
•OCEAN ENERGY
• Tidal Energy
• During high tides
• During low tides
•2. Ocean Thermal Energy
•GEO-THERMAL ENERGY
•Energy obtained from high temperature present
•inside earth’s surface is called ‘geothermal energy.’
• Natural Geysers
• Artificial Geysers
•BIOMASS ENERGY
•Produced by plants or animals. It is used as a source of
•energy.
•e.g. wood, crop residues, seeds, cattle dung, sewage, agricultural
wastes, etc.
• Biogas: methane + carbon dioxide + hydrogen sulphide
• Biofuels: Fermentation of biomass e.g. Ethanol and Methanol
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

1. Coal:- A fossil fuel with high calorific value 8700 kcal. India produces 5 % of the
world’s coal
2. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen,
sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Disadvantages of using coal:
• Burning coal produces CO2 causing global warming
• Coal impurities like Sulphur and nitrogen produces toxic gases when burnt
2. Petroleum:- A crude oil with high hydrocarbons S, O and N impurities.
3. Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG):- a colorless, odorless gas to which mercaptans are
added to produce foul smell.
4. Natural Gas:- It is a mixture of 50-90 % methane and small amounts of
hydrocarbons.
• Dry gas: Low hydrocarbons like d-ethane
• Wet gas: High hydrocarbons like propane and butane
 COAL
Types of coal:
1. Anthracite
2. Bituminous
3. Lignite
4.Peat
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear energy is produced by two types of reactions:

(i) Nuclear Fission: It is a chain reaction with heavy nuclei.

(ii) Nuclear Fusion: Lighter nuclei combine to form heavy nucleus.

Nuclear power plants have been established in:

i. Tarapur (Maharashtra)
ii. Rana Pratap Sagar (Rajasthan)
iii. Kalpakkam (TN)
iv. Narora (UP)