Chapter 4

Internet of Things (IoT)

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 Chapter 4: Internet of Things
At the end of this chapter, Students will be able to:
•Describe IoT
•Explain the history of IoT
•Describe the pros and cons of IoT
•Explain how IoT works
•Explain the architecture of IoT
•Describe IoT tools and platforms
•Describe some of the application areas of IoT

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 Definition of IoT

 According to the Internet Architecture Board (IAB),

• IoT is the networking of smart objects, meaning a
huge number of devices intelligently communicate
in the presence of internet protocol that cannot be
directly operated by human beings but exist as
components in buildings, vehicles or the
environment.
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 CONT…
• According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF);
• IoT is the networking of smart objects in which these objects
have some constraints like limited bandwidth, power, and
processing for achieving interoperability.

• According to the IEEE Communications category magazine’s;

• IoT is a framework of all things that have a representation in
the presence of the internet in such a way that new
applications and services enable the interaction in the physical
and virtual world in the form of Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
communication in the cloud.

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 CONT…
• According to Oxford dictionary;
• IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s of computing devices
through the Internet that enables the sending and receiving of
useful data.
• The term Internet of Things (IoT) according to the 2020

conceptual framework is expressed through a simple formula:

IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors

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 CONT…
• Generally, IoT is the network of physical objects or "things"
embedded with software's, sensors, and network connectivity
which enables these objects to collect and exchange data
• Simply it consists of any device with an on/off switch connected
to the Internet. Can be applied in several areas;
• Connected industry
• Smart-city
• Smart-home
• Smart-energy
• Connected car
• Smart agriculture
• Connected building and campus, health care, logistics, among
other domains

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 4.1.2. History of IoT

• The Internet of Things has not been around for a long time
• However, there have been visions of machines communicating
with each other since the early 1800s
• The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially named
until 1999
• One of the first examples of an Internet of Things is from the
early 1980s and was a Coca Cola machine, located at the
Carnegie Melon University
• Local programmers would connect by the Internet to the
refrigerated appliance, and check to see if there was a drink
available and if it was cold, before making the trip.

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• By the year 2013, the Internet of Things had evolved into a system
using multiple technologies, ranging from the Internet to wireless
communication and from micro-electromechanical systems
(MEMS) to embedded systems.
• The traditional fields of automation (including the automation of
buildings and homes), wireless sensor networks, GPS, control
systems, and others, all support the IoT.

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 CONT…
• Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at MIT, was
the first person to describe the Internet of Things, during his 1999
speech.
• He stated that Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) was a
prerequisite for the Internet of Things.
• He concluded if all devices were “tagged,” computers could
manage, track, and inventory them
• Tagging of things has been achieved through technologies such
as digital watermarking, barcodes, and QR codes.
• Inventory control is one of the more obvious advantages of the
Internet of Things.

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 4.1.3. IoT − Advantages

• Improved Customer Engagement

• Technology Optimization
• Reduced Waste
• Enhance data collection

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4.1.4. IoT – Disadvantages

•As the number of connected devices increases and more information

is shared between devices, the security problem also increases
•If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device
will become corrupted
•Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s
difficult for devices of different manufacturers to communicate with
each other.
•Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers
maybe even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the
data from all those devices will be challenging

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 4.1.5 Challenges of IoT

•Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected

devices over network which exposed users to various attacks.
•Privacy − IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail
without the user's active participation
•Complexity − Some IoT systems are complicated in terms of
design, deployment and maintenance on given technologies, it needs
an expert.
•Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT
system to integrate easily with another.
• several conflicting or locking systems
•Compliance − IoT complexity makes the issue of compliance seem
incredibly challenging when many consider standard software
compliance
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 How does IOT work?

•IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use

embedded processors, sensors and hardware to collect, send and
act on data they acquire.
•IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an
IoT gateway or another edge device where data is either sent to the
cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.
•The devices do most of the work without human intervention,
although people can interact with the devices.

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 Architecture of IoT

• IoT devices can be explained as a network of things that

consists of hardware, software, network connectivity, and
sensors.
• Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprise four major
components:
• Sensing (Agent and collection)
• Data processing (analysis)
• Network (Communication) and
• Application layers (action)(OSI model)
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 1. Sensing Layer

• The main purpose is to identify any phenomena in the devices’

peripheral and obtain data from the real world (Perceive).
• It consists of several sensors; as using multiple sensors for
applications is one of the primary features of IoT devices.
• Sensors in IoT devices are integrated through sensor hubs.
• it is a connection point for multiple sensors that accumulate and
forward sensor data to the processing unit of a device.
• Actuators can also intervene to change the physical conditions that
generate the data.
• It can shut off a power supply, adjust an airflow valve, or move
a robotic gripper in an assembly process.

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Three categories of sensor devices in IoT

A. Motion Sensors: to measure the change in motion as well as the

orientation of the devices.
• There are two types of motions: linear and angular motions.
• Linear motion; refers to the linear displacement of an IoT
device
• Angular motion refers to the rotational displacement of the
devices

B. Environmental Sensors: embedded in IoT devices to sense the

change in environmental parameters
•Include sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc.
•Used in many applications to improve user experience (e.g., home
automation systems, smart locks, smart lights, etc.)

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C. Position sensors: It’s about physical positioning and location

of the devices
• The most common position sensors used in IoT are magnetic
sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.
• Magnetic sensors; used as digital compass and help to fix
the orientation of the device display.
• GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices

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 2. Network Layer

• Physical ___data link___network layer in OSI model

• Acts as a communication channel to transfer data collected in
the sensing layer
• In IoT devices, the network layer is implemented by using
diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to allow data
flow between other devices within the same network.

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 3. Data Processing Layer

• Consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices.

• It takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyze it to make
a decision based on the result.
• In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.), the
data processing layer also saves the result of the previous
analysis to improve the user experience.
• This layer may share the result of data processing with other
connected devices via the network layer.

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 4. Application Layer

• It implements and presents the results of the data processing layer

to accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices.
• It is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users
• There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart
transportation, smart home, personal care, healthcare, etc.

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 4.2.2. Devices and Networks

• Connected devices are part of a scenario in which every device

talks to each other in an environment to automate home and
industrial tasks.
• IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home, in
industry or in the enterprise.
• As such, the devices can be categorized into three main groups:
• Consumer
• Enterprise and
• Industrial.

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 CONT…
• Consumer connected devices include smart TVs, smart speakers,
toys, wearables, and smart appliances.
• Smart meters, commercial security systems and smart city
technologies such as those used to monitor traffic and weather
conditions are examples of industrial and enterprise IoT devices.
• In the enterprise, smart sensors located in a conference room can
help an employee locate and schedule an available room for a
meeting, ensuring the proper room type, size and features are
available.

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 IoT Tools and Platforms

• There are many vendors in the industrial IoT platform

marketplace, offering similar capabilities and methods of
deployment

• These IoT Platform Solutions are based on the Internet of Things

and cloud technology.
• They can be used in areas of smart home, city, enterprise, home
automation, healthcare or automotive, just to name a few.

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 4.4. Applications of IoT

• The versatile nature of IoT makes it an attractive option for so

many businesses, organizations, and government offices
• Various application of IoT are;
• Agriculture: For indoor and outdoor planting IoT used to monitor
microclimate, sense soil moisture and nutrients, better control of smart
irrigation and fertilizer systems.
• Consumer Use: For private IoT devices in the form of wearables and
smart homes make life easier. Wearables cover accessories such as Fitbit,
smartphones, Apple watches, health monitors to name a few
• Healthcare: Wearable IoT devices let hospitals to monitor their patients’
health at home. In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the
availability, thereby cutting wait time for free space

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 CONT…
• Insurance: Insurance companies can offer their policy holders
discounts for IoT wearables such as Fitbit.
• Manufacturing- RFID and GPS technology can help a
manufacturer to track a product from its start on the factory floor
to its placement in the destination store, the whole supply chain
from start to finish.
• Retail - Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control
warehouse automation and robotics, information gleaned from IoT
sensors.

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• Transportation- The GPS is being utilized to help
transportation companies to plot faster and more efficient routes
for trucks hauling freight, thereby speeding up delivery times. It
can be used to determine traffic patterns, parking space demand,
and road construction and maintenance.
• Utilities - IoT sensors can be employed to monitor
environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, and
lighting
• The information provided by IoT sensors can aid in the creation of
algorithms that regulate energy usage and make the appropriate
adjustments

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 4.3.1. IoT Based Smart Home

• Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and

monitor different home devices from anywhere via smartphones or
over the web with no physical distance limitations.
• These “smart” devices have the potential to share information with
each other over internet connection
• Remote Control Appliances
• Smart home Appliances
• Weather
• Safety monitoring
• Energy and water use
• Intrusion detection system

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 4.3.2. IoT Based Smart City

• In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and

autonomous vehicles will provide an intelligent platform to deliver
innovations in energy management, traffic management, and
security, sharing the benefits of this technology throughout society.
• Structural hall
• Lightening
• Safety
• Transportation
• Waste management
• Green house
• Animal farm/tracking
• Compost
• Field monitoring
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 Review question

1. What are the main parts of the IoT system?

2. What are the security concerns related to IoT?
3. Explain IoT Protocol stack?
4. What is meant by a smart city regarding the IoT?
5. Give examples of the impact of IoT on our lives?
6. What influence will the IoT have on monetary growth?
7. Why will be the IoT successful in the coming years?
8. What impact will the IoT have on the health care sector?
9. What are the main social and cultural impacts of IoT?
10. What the main challenges of an IoT?
11. What role does the network play in the IoT of
everything?
12. How wireless communication might affect the
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 References

• Brewster, C., Roussaki, I., Kalatzis, N., Doolin, K., & Ellis, K. (2017). IoT in agriculture:
• Designing a Europe-wide large-scale pilot. IEEE communications magazine, 55(9), 26
33. Ramakrishna, G.Kiran Kumar, A.Mallikarjuna Reddy, Pallam Ravi (2018). A Survey
on various IoT Attacks and its Countermeasures. International Journal of Engineering
Research in Computer Science and Engineering (IJERCSE), 5(4), 2394-2320.
• Elijah, O., Rahman, T. A., Orikumhi, I., Leow, C. Y., & Hindia, M. N. (2018). An
overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics in agriculture: Benefits and
challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(5), 3758-3773.
• Foote, K. D. (2016). A brief history of the internet of things. Data Education for Business
and IT Professionals. Available online: http://www. dataversity. net/brief-history-
internet-things/ (accessed on 12 November 2018).
• Gupta, B. B., & Quamara, M. (2018). An overview of the Internet of Things (IoT):
Architectural aspects, challenges, and protocols. Concurrency and Computation:
Practice and Experience, e4946.
• John Terra (2019). Everything You Need to Know About IoT Applications.
https://www.simplilearn.com/iot-applications-article
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