PHARMACEUTICS-IA

(PHYSICAL PHARMACY)
PHARM-310

Prepared By
Shomaiza Andleeb Murad
 CHAPTER 03
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PRINCIPLES
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

 Solutions

 Solubilization

 Adsorption

 Ionization

 Hydrolysis

 Micromeritics
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lecture the students will be able to know:

 Physico-chemical Principles
 Solutions & Pharmaceutical Solutions
 Types of Solutions
i. On the basis of size of Dispersed Particles
ii. On the basis of State of matter
iii. On the basis of Saturation
 Advantages & Disadvantages of Pharmaceutical Solutions
 Concentration expressions
 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

DEFINITION
“These are physical and chemical properties of drug substance which
effect overall performance of a drug substance in body”.
Proper understanding of these properties helps in deciding which is suitable dosage form to be
prepared of that drug.
Physical properties of drug includes its molecular size, molecular shape, Crystalline or
Amorphous, Salt form, solubility, pH, melting point, boiling point, Refractive index etc.
Chemical properties of drugs includes nature of the drug, chemical reactions, chemical structure
and chemistry of drugs.
 SOLUTIONS

A solution is a chemically and physically

homogeneous mixture (has the same proportions of
.
its components throughout any given sample) of two
or more substances.
In physico-chemical terms, solutions may be prepared
from any combination of solid, liquid and gas (the
three states of matter).
 PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS

Pharmaceutical solutions may be generally defined as liquid preparations in which the

therapeutic agent and the various excipients are dissolved in the solvent system.

EXAMPLES OF PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS

Oral ( syrups, elixirs, spirits), otic (ear drop), ophthalmic, or topical (lotions) others
include Enemas (Rectal), Gargles and Mouth washes (Mouth cavity), tinctures and fluid
extracts, Sterile solutions ( injectable).
 SPIRITS
SYRUPS ELIXIRS

OTIC/ EAR
PREPERATIONS

ENEMAS

MOUTHWASHES AND
GARGLES

STERILE
OPHTHALMIC/ EYE TOPICALS/ LOTIONS SOLUTIONS/
PREPERATIONS INJECTIBLES
 PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS

In pharmacy, different kinds of liquid dosage forms are used, and all consist of a
dispersion of one or more substances in a liquid phase.
Solution composed of only two components (Binary system), that component which is
dispersed throughout the other is termed as solute and medium in which dispersion
occurs is called solvent.
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
(On the basis of size of Dispersed Particles)

Depending on the size of the dispersed particle, pharmaceutical solutions

are classified as:
 True solutions.
 Colloidal solutions.
 Suspensions.
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
In true solutions particles are dissolved in such a way that they have only one molecular
dimension and particles are clearly and absolutely dissolved in a solvent.
Example salt in water and sugar in water.
In Colloidal solutions particle size is more than in true solutions and have particle aggregate to
form different size molecules.
Example blood and milk etc.
A Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve, but get
suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium.
Example sand in water.
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

The True solution is the homogenous mixture, while Colloidal

solution and Suspension are the heterogeneous mixtures of two or more substances.
Another difference between these three types of solution is that the True solution is
transparent, while the Colloidal solution is translucent and Suspension is opaque.
 TRUE SOLUTIONS COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION
SOLUTIONS
True solutions are the Colloidal solutions are The suspension is the
type of mixtures, where the type of mixture, mixture, where the
the solute and solvents where the solute (tiny solute does not get
Property
are properly mixed in the particles or colloids) is dissolved, rather get
liquid phase. uniformly distributed in suspended in the liquid
the solvent (liquid and float freely in the
phase). medium.
Example Sugar solution in water. Starch dissolved in Soil dissolved in water.
water.
 TRUE SOLUTIONS COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION
SOLUTIONS

Homogenous Heterogeneous.
Nature of the solutions Heterogeneous
(Mixture having a (Mixture having a non-
uniform composition) uniform composition.)

Translucent Opaque
Transparent
External (objects allow light to pass (not allowing light to pass
appearance/Light through them partially) through, not shining or
penetration bright; dark; dull, not clear)

Size of the particles (in Less than 1nm in 1-1000 nm. In diameter Greater than 1nm in diameter
diameter) diameter >1000 nm.
<1 nm.
 TRUE SOLUTIONS COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION
SOLUTIONS

Sedimentation Will, not sediment. Particles or colloids will not Particles will get sediment.
sediment.

Visibility of particles Invisible through the naked Visible through the electron The particles in the suspension
eye. microscope, but not through are visible through naked eyes
the naked eye. as well as under the electron
microscope.
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
(On the basis of State of matter)
SOLUTE SOLVENT EXAMPLE
Gas Gas Aerosols
Liquid Gas Fog
Solid Gas Smoke
Gas Liquid Foam
Liquid Liquid Emulsions
Solid Liquid Suspensions
Gas Solid Solid foam
Liquid Solid Solid emulsions
Mineral oil in wax
Solid Solid Solid suspensions
Colloidal gold in glass
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
(On the basis of Saturation)

There are three types of solutions based on the degree of saturation.

 Saturated Solution
 Unsaturated Solution
 Super Saturated Solution
 SATURATED SOLUTION

A saturated solution is a chemical solution

containing the maximum concentration of
a solute dissolved in the solvent. ​The
additional solute will not dissolve in a
saturated solution.
 SATURATED SOLUTION
You encounter saturated solutions in daily life, not just in a
chemistry lab. Also, the solvent does not need to be water. Here
are some common examples:
A soda is a saturated solution of carbon dioxide in water. This is
why, when the pressure is released, carbon dioxide gas forms
bubbles.
Adding chocolate powder to milk so that it stops dissolving forms
a saturated solution.
Salt can be added to melted butter or oil to the point where the salt
grains stop dissolving, forming a saturated solution.
 SATURATED SOLUTION

If you add enough sugar to your coffee or tea, you can

form a saturated solution. You'll know you've
reached the saturation point when the sugar stops
dissolving. Hot tea or coffee allows much more sugar
to be dissolved than you can add to a cold beverage.
Sugar can be added to vinegar to form a saturated
solution.
 UNSATURATED SOLUTION
An unsaturated solution is a chemical solution in which the solute concentration is lower than its
equilibrium solubility. All of the solute dissolves in the solvent.
When a solute (often a solid) is added to a solvent (often a liquid), two processes occur
simultaneous. Dissolution is the dissolving of the solute into the solvent. Crystallization is
the opposite process, where the reaction deposits solute. In an unsaturated solution, the rate of
dissolution is much greater than the rate of crystallization.
EXAMPLES OF UNSATURATED SOLUTIONS
Adding a spoonful of sugar to a cup of hot coffee produces an unsaturated sugar solution.
Vinegar is an unsaturated solution of acetic acid in water.
Mist is an unsaturated (but close to saturated) solution of water vapor in air.
COMPARISON OF UNSATURATED AND
SATURATED SOLUTIONS
 SUPER-SATURATED SOLUTION

The definition of a supersaturated solution is one which contains more dissolved

solute than could ordinarily dissolve into the solvent under normal
circumstances.

Crystallization from a Super-saturated solution of sodium acetate

 ADVANTAGES OF PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTION

 Can easily be administered orally to individuals who have difficulty in swallowing, e.g. elderly
patients, infants.
 The therapeutic agent is dissolved in the formulation and is therefore immediately available
for absorption. Bioavailability of pharmaceutical solutions is greater than that of oral solid-
dosage forms.
 Taste-masking of bitter therapeutic agents may be readily achieved by sweetening agent.
 Easy to swallow than solid dosage forms, which are particularly acceptable to pediatric and
geriatric use.
 ADVANTAGES OF PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTION

 A drug solution is quickly absorbed. Therefore, the therapeutic response is faster than a solid
dosage form that require dissolution step before drug absorption takes place.
A solution is a homogeneous system with uniform drug distribution throughout the
preparation. In the suspension or emulsion formulations of unequal dosing can occur
due to phase separation during storage and agitation is needed before use.
 DISADVANTAGES OF PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTION
 Chemically unstable due to the presence of water.
 The poor solubility of certain therapeutic agents may prohibit their formulation. Some API not
suitable or dissolve in water so are poor solubility.
 Expensive to ship and are bulky for the patient to carry.
 Liquids are bulky and are therefore inconvenient to transport and store. Moreover, immediate
lose of the whole product occurs in case of breakage of the container.
 Poor stability of the ingredients in aqueous environment of solutions compared to that
formulated as a tablet or capsule, which is particularly important for drugs susceptible to
hydrolysis.
 DISADVANTAGES OF PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTION

 Solutions often provide suitable media for the growth of microorganisms and may therefore
require the incorporation of a preservative.
 Accurate dosage will depend on the ability of the patients to use a 5 ml spoon or, more rarely, a
volumetric dropper. Inaccurate dosing may lead to loss of the therapeutic efficiency.
 The unpleasant taste of drugs is more pronounced in solutions than when in a solid form.
Sweetening agents & flavors can be used to make solutions more palatable.
 CONCENTRATION EXPRESSIONS
The Concentration of a Solution is defined as the relative amount of solute present in a
solution. The concentration of a solution can be expressed in a number of ways.
1) Percentage by weight (w / w %)
2) Percentage by volume (v / v %)
3) Weight by volume (w / v %)
4) Molarity (M)
5) Molality (m)
6) Normality (N)
7) Mole fraction (x)
8) Parts per million (ppm)
THANK YOU!