Data Structures

Data Types
Simple (basic)
char, int, float, double

Modifiers
signed, unsigned

Qualifiers
static, const, void

Structured (derived)
Arrays, structures, unions, classes

Advanced (composite)
List, queues, stacks, trees, graphs

Data Structures
Goal: organize data Criteria: facilitate efficient
storage of data retrieval of data manipulation of data

Process:
select and design appropriate data types

Tradeoff
simplicity of data organization simplicity/elegance of algorithms Simple (unsophisticated) data strucuture may require much work for processing data More complex data organization may yield nicer algorithms for the basic operations

Another version of the old time-space tradeoff

C-Style One-Dimensional Arrays (2.3)

Defn of an array as an ADT: A fixed-size sequence (ordered set) of elements, all of the same type, where the basic operation is direct access to each element in the array so values can be retrieved from or stored in this element. Properties: Fixed number of elements Ordered so there is a first element, a second one, etc. Elements must be the same type (and size); use arrays only for homogeneous data sets. Direct access: Access an element by giving its location the time to access each element is the same for all elements, regardless of position. in contrast to sequential access (where to access an element, one must first access all those that precede it.)

Declaring arrays in C++

element_type array_name[CAPACITY]; where element_type is any type, array_name is the name of the array any valid identifier. CAPACITY (a positive integer constant) is the number of elements in the array The compiler reserves a block of consecutive memory locations, enough to hold CAPACITY values of type element_type.
The elements (or positions) of the array, are indexed 0, 1, 2, . . ., CAPACITY - 1.

e.g.

double score[100];

Better to use a named constant to specify the array capacity: const int CAPACITY = 100; double score[CAPACITY];

Subscript operator
[] is an actual operator and not simply a notation/punctuation as in some other languages. Its two operands are an array variable and an integer index (or subscript) and is written array_name[i] Here i is an integer expression with 0 <= i <= CAPACITY 1. [] returns a reference to (alias of) the element in location i in array_name; array_name[i]is a variable, called an indexed (or subscripted) variable, whose type is the specified element_type of the array. An array reference can be used on the left side of an assignment, in input statements, etc. to store a value in a specified location in the array. // Zero out all the elements of score for (int i = 0; i < CAPACITY; i++) score[i] = 0.0; // Read values into the first numScores elements of score for (int i = 0; i < numScores; i++) cin >> score[i]; // Display the values stored in the first numScores elements for (int i = 0; i < numScores; i++) cout << score[i] << endl;

How well does this implement the general definition of an array? Nicely! As an ADT In C++

ordered indices numbered 0, 1, 2, . . ., CAPACITY - 1 fixed size CAPACITY specifies the capacity of the array same type elements element_type is the type of elements direct access Subscript operator []

Array Initialization
In C++, arrays can be initialized when they are declared. Numeric arrays:
element_type num_array[CAPACITY]={list_of_initial_values}; double rate[5] = {0.11, 0.13, 0.16, 0.18, 0.21};

0 1 2 3 rate 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.18

4 0.21

Note 1: If fewer values supplied than array's capacity, remaining elements assigned 0. double rate[5] = {0.11, 0.13, 0.16};

0 1 2 rate 0.11 0.13 0.16

3 0

4 0

Note 2: It is an error if more values are supplied than the declared size of the array. How this error is handled, however, will vary from one compiler to another. Note 3: If no values supplied, array elements are undefined (i.e., garbage values).

Character arrays
may be initialized in the same manner as numeric arrays. char vowel[5] = {'A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U'};
0 vowel A 1 E 2 I 3 4 O U

Note 1: If fewer values are supplied than the declared size of the array, the zeroes used to fill uninitialized elements are interpreted as the null character '\0' whose ASCII code is 0. const int NAME_LENGTH = 10; char collegeName[NAME_LENGTH]={'C', 'a', 'l', 'v', 'i', 'n'};
0 collegeName C 1 a 2 l 3 v 4 i 5 6 7 8 9 n \0 \0 \0 \0

Character arrays . Continued

Note 2: Character arrays may be initialized using string constants. For example, the following declaration is equivalent to the preceding: char collegeName[NAME_LENGTH] = "Calvin"; Note 3: The null character '\0' (ASCII code is 0) is used as an end-of-string mark. Thus, character arrays used to store strings should be declared large enough to store the null character. If it is not, one cannot expect some of the string functions and operations to work correctly. If a character array is initialized with a string constant, the end-of-string mark is added automatically, provided there is room for it. char collegeName[7] = {'C', 'a', 'l', 'v', 'i', 'n', '\0'}; char collegeName[7] = "Calvin";

How well does this implement the general definition of an array? Nicely! As an ADT In C++

ordered indices numbered 0, 1, 2, . . ., CAPACITY - 1 fixed size CAPACITY specifies the capacity of the array same type elements element_type is the type of elements direct access Subscript operator []

Initializations with no array size specified

The array capacity may be omitted in an array declaration with an initializer list. In this case, the number of elements in the array will be the number of values in the initializer list. Example: double rate[] = {0.11, 0.13, 0.16};

Note: This explains the brackets in constant declarations such as const char IN_FILE[] = "employee.dat";

Addresses
When an array is declared, the address of the first byte (or word) in the block of memory associated with the array is called the base address of the array. Each array reference is then translated into an offset from this base address. For example, if each element of array score will be stored in 8 bytes and the base address of score is 0x1396. A statement such as cout << score[3] << endl; requires that array reference score[3] be translated into a memory address: score[3] 0x1396 + 3 * sizeof(double) = 0x1396 + 3 * 8 = 0x13ae The contents of the memory word with this address 0x13ae can then be retrieved and displayed. An address translation like this is carried out each time an array element is accessed.

The value of array_name is actually the base address of array_name array_name + index is the address of array_name[index]. An array reference is equivalent to array_name[index] *(array_name + index)

* is the dereferencing operator; *ref returns the contents of the memory location with address ref.

For example, the following statements are equivalent: cout << score[3] << endl; cout << *(score + 3) << endl;

Note: No bounds checking of indices is done!

(See pp. 50-51)

C-Style Multidimensional Arrays

A table of test scores for several different students on several different tests:

Student 1 Student 2 Student 3 : : Student-n

Test 1 99.0 66.0 88.5 : : 100.0

Test 2 Test 3 93.5 89.0 68.0 84.5 78.5 70.0 : : : : 99.5 100.0

Test 4 91.0 82.0 65.0 : : 99.0

For storage and processing, use a two-dimensional array.

Declaring two-dimensional arrays

Standard form of declaration:
element_type array_name[NUM_ROWS][NUM_COLUMNS]; const int NUM_ROWS = 30, NUM_COLUMNS = 5; double scoresTable[NUM_ROWS][NUM_COLUMNS];

Initialization
List the initial values in braces, row by row; May use internal braces for each row to improve readability.
double rates[2][3] = {{0.50, 0.55, 0.53}, // first row

{0.63, 0.58, 0.55}}; // second row

Arrays as Parameters
Passing an array to a function actually passes the base address of the array. Thus the formal parameter has the same address as the actual argument. Hence, modifying the parameter will modify the corresponding array argument. Array capacity is not available to function unless passed as a separate parameter. The following function prototypes are all equivalent. void Print(int A[100], int theSize); void Print(int A[], int theSize); void Print(int *A, int theSize);

Arrays as Parameters Continued

Now, what about multidimensional arrays? void Print(double table[][], int rows, int cols) doesn't work. Use a typedef to declare a global type identifier and use it to declare the types of the parameters.:

For example, typedef double TwoDimArray[30][4]; TwoDimArray scoresTable; void Print(TwoDimArray table, int rows, int cols)
. . .