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20 views

Section 4.4 PC

Uploaded by

Myla Mae Balala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trigonometric Functions

4.4 of Any Angle

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


What You Should Learn
• Evaluate trigonometric functions of any angle

• Find reference angles

• Evaluate trigonometric functions of real


numbers

2
Introduction

3
Introduction
Following is the definition of trigonometric functions of Any
Angle. This applies when the radius is not one (not a unit
circle).

4
Introduction

Note: when x = 0, the tangent and secant of  are


undefined.

For example, the tangent of 90  is undefined since the sine


of 90  is 1 and the cosine of 90  is 0. 1/0 is undefined.

Similarly, when y = 0, the cotangent and cosecant of  are


undefined.

5
Example 1 – Evaluating Trigonometric Functions

Let (–3, 4) be a point on the terminal side of 


(see Figure 4.34).
Find the sine, cosine, and tangent of .

Figure 4.34
6
Example 1 – Solution
Referring to Figure 4.34, you can see by using the
Pythagorean Theorem and the given point that x = –3, y =
4, and

7
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

So, you have

and

8
Introduction
The signs of the trigonometric functions in the four
quadrants can be determined easily from the definitions of
the functions. For instance, because

it follows that cos  is positive


wherever x > 0, which is in
Quadrants I and IV.

We will discuss “All Students


Take Calculus” in class as a way
9
to help us remember this.
Reference Angles

10
Reference Angles
The values of the trigonometric functions of angles greater
than 90  (or less than 0 ) can be determined from their
values at corresponding acute angles called reference
angles.

11
Reference Angles
Figure 4.37 shows the reference angles for  in Quadrants
II, III, and IV.

Figure 4.37

12
Example 4 – Finding Reference Angles
Find the reference angle  .

a.  = 300  b.  = 2.3 c.  = –135 

Solution:
a. Because 300  lies in Quadrant IV, the angle it makes
with the x-axis is

  = 360  – 300  Degrees

= 60 .

13
Example 4 – Solution cont’d

b. Because 2.3 lies between  /2  1.5708 and   3.1416,


it follows that it is in Quadrant II and its reference angle
is
  =  – 2.3 Radians

 0.8416.

c. First, determine that –135  is coterminal with 225 ,


which lies in Quadrant III. So, the reference angle is
  = 225  – 180  Degrees

= 45 .
14
Example 4 – Solution cont’d

Figure 4.38 shows each angle  and its reference angle  .

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4.38

15
Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers

16
Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers

To see how a reference angle is used to evaluate a


trigonometric function, consider the point (x, y) on the
terminal side of , as shown in Figure 4.39.

Figure 4.39
17
Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers

By definition, you know that

and

For the right triangle with acute angle   and sides of


lengths | x | and | y |, you have

and

18
Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers

So, it follows that sin  and sin   are equal, except possibly
in sign. The same is true for tan  and tan   and for the
other four trigonometric functions. In all cases, the sign of
the function value can be determined by the quadrant in
which  lies.

19
Example 5 – Trigonometric Functions of Nonacute Angles

Evaluate each trigonometric function.

a. b. tan = (–210 ) c.

Solution:
a. Because  = 4 /3 lies in Quadrant III, the
reference angle is   = (4 /3) –  =  /3,
as shown in Figure 4.40.
Moreover, the cosine is negative in
Quadrant III, so

Figure 4.40

20
Example 5 – Solution cont’d

b. Because –210  + 360  = 150 , it follows that –210  is


coterminal with the second-quadrant angle 150 .
Therefore, the reference angle is   = 180  – 150  = 30 ,
as shown in Figure 4.41.

Finally, because the tangent is


negative in Quadrant II, you have.

Figure 4.41

21
Example 5 – Solution cont’d

c. Because (11 /4) – 2 = 3 /4, it follows that 11 /4 is


coterminal with the second-quadrant angle 3/4.
Therefore, the reference angle is   =  – (3 /4) =  /4,
as shown in Figure 4.42.

Because the cosecant is positive


in Quadrant II, you have

Figure 4.42

22

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