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27 views

Maida

Uploaded by

Maida Iftikhar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Condensed Phosphates

• Presented by:
Hafiz Muhammad Usman 20011507- 095
Anusha Farooqi 20011507- 067
Maida Iftikhar 20011507-053
Ajneha Mazhar 20011507-116
• Presented to:
Ma’am Umm-e-Habiba
• Course code:
CHEM- 402

01
“Table of contents”
Introduction Types of
Metaphosphates

Types Types of
polyphosphates

Characteristics

03
Hafiz Muhammad
Usman Anjum
20011507-095
01
Introduction & Characteristic of
Condensed Phosphate
Introduction

• Condensed phosphates are formed by the


condensation process which involves sharing
of corner oxygen atoms between the PO4
tetrahedra to give P-O-P bonds.
• In this condensation process, the sharing of
an edge or tetrahedral face never occurs.
Introduction

This condensation process gives rise to the following


three types of structures:

a) Meta phosphate
b) Polyphosphate
c) Cross linked phosphate
a) Meta phosphate
▪ Cyclic structure
▪ Three or more PO4 tetrahedral
▪ Linked in the form of ring by oxygen atoms held in common

Meta phosphate
b) Polyphosphates
▪ Structure of unbranched chains composed of PO4 tetrahedral
linked by oxygen atoms held in common
▪ The chain length may vary from two to many thousands.

polyphosphate
c) Cross linked phosphate
▪ Some tetrahedral share three oxygen atoms with other.

Cross linked phosphate


Characteristics

• All the condensed phosphate are formed in


reaction at elevated temperatures. In these
reactions, water is eliminated intermolecular from
the anions of similar phosphate groups with
residual P-OH bonds.
Characteristics

• When the condensed phosphate are dissolve in


water, they tend to undergo hydrolytic cleavage
of the P-O-P bonds more or easily readily. The
simple [PO4]3- is the most stable form at all pH
values. However, hydrolysis may be slow in some
cases in which condensed anion may exist in
solution.
Characteristics
• In condensed phosphate, there are two P-OH groups on the
same phosphorous. These two P-OH groups have different
dissociation constants.
For example:
In the polyphosphates terminal phosphorous
atoms are carrying one weak and one strong acidic
groups while those in the body of chain are carrying
only a single strongly acidic group. On the other
hand, all the acid groups in cyclic meta phosphates
are equally strong.
Anusha
Farooqi.
20011507-067

27
02
Types of Metaphosphates

28
“Types”

Mono metaphosphates Di metaphosphates

Tri metaphosphates Tetra metaphosphates

Higher
metaphosphates
Mono & Di metaphosphate

• There is no Evidence of Existence

• If di metaphosphates exists, it will have strain in


it’s structure.

• It will be formed by condensation of two


phosphate units.
Mono & Di metaphosphate

Di metaphosphate
Tri metaphosphate

Preparation

3NaH2PO4. 600-640° C Na3P3O9 + 3HO2


Tri metaphosphate
Preparation

• Held at 500° C

• Water Vapor Removes

• Condensation Completes
Tri metaphosphate
Properties:

• Soluble in water

• Recrystallization (Na3P3O9.6H2O)

• Dehydration Produces anhydrous salt (room


temperature)

• NaH2PO4 & Na4P2O7 (higher


temperature)
Tri metaphosphate
In Alkaline
Solution:

NaOH

Sodium Tri metaphosphate Sodium Tri polyphosphate


Tetra metaphosphate
Preparation

01
Tetra metaphosphate
Preparation

02
•Heating NaH3PO4 with Phosphoric
acid

• At 400°C

• Then let it cool down


Tetra metaphosphate
Preparation

03
• Heating Excess of Phosphoric Acid with
Cupric Oxide or Lead Oxide

• At 400°C

• Now Treat Cupric or Lead Tetra


metaphosphate with sodium sulphide
solution.
Higher metaphosphate

• Metaphosphates are generally obtained by the dehydration of


H₂PO.
Higher metaphosphate

• The constitution of the product depends greatly on its thermal


history.
• The material is a complex mixture of of both higher molecular
weight chain polyphosphates and cyclic metaphosphates.
Higher metaphosphate

• From chromatogram it also becomes almost impossible.


Polyphosphates
Introduction

• Chains of different lengths with up to ten [PO4] units have been


isolated, but the first four in the series are well known.

H3PO4: Orthophosphoric acid


H4P2O7: dipolyphosphoric acid (pyrophosphoric acid)
H5P4O10: tripolyphosphoric acid
H6P4O13: tetrapolyphosphoric acid.
Polyphosphates

• The compositions of higher poly-phosphates are expressed in


terms of an average chain-length which is controlled by the
conditions of preparation.
• Na2H2P2O7, is mixed with NaHCO3, and used in bread making
to leaven the bread, that is to make it rise.
Dipolyphosphates

• It is also known as pyrophosphate. Its sodium salt, Na,P ₂O, is


prepared by heating NaH2PO, to 170°C under conditions which
allow the escape of water vapour
• The anion in NaP₂O, 10H₂O has the following configuration.
Tripolyphosphates

a)

• It may be prepared by fusing Na2O ans P4O10 at 1000 C and


controlling the cooling.
Tripolyphosphates

b)

• It may be prepared by evaporation of solutions of Na, HPO, and


NaH2PO, with an overall Na₂O: P₂O, ratio of 5: 3, followed by
calcination at 450°C
Tripolyphosphates

c)

• It may also be prepared by the hydrolysis of a trimejaphosphate:


Tetrapolyphosphate

• The tetrapolyphosphate results from alkaline hydrolysis of the


cyclic metaphosphate and the salt of large ions such as Pb2+, Ba2+
and N(CH3)2+, metaphospstallised from the acidified solution.
• However, they tend to cam in in alkaline solution forming viscous
liquids.
• Materials sold in the market as "hexasodium tetraphosphate,
Na6P4O13 is not a single compound but is a mixture of Na5P3O10
and NaPO3.
Higher Polyphosphates

• By chromatography, it becomes possible to prepare pure


polyphosphates containing 4-8 phosphorus atoms.
• The starting material for this method is a polyphosphoric acid
with average chain-length of 5 which is obtained by heating 85 per
cent aqueous H₃PO₄ in a gold dish at 400°C for 12 hours.
Tri metaphosphate
Properties:

• Forms two well defined hydrates 4H2O and


10H2O.

• They decomposes at 260-280°C

• Produces Maddrells salt

• It also Yields Phosphoric acid.

• Hydrolysis in Alkaline solution is slow.


•Ajneha Mazhar
•20011507-116
Long Chain Polyphosphates

• These form both glasses and crystalline materials.


• Chain length of long-chain polyphosphates can be determined by
end groups which is the normal technique of polymer chemistry.
• The separation of a mixture on the basis of chain length by
fractional precipitation on the addition of organic liquid like
acetone to long chain polyphosphate solutions.
39

Types of long-chain polyphosphates


•
Relation of various phosphates
41

Explanation
• Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate at 150 polymerizes to sodium
pyrophosphate. When heated at 230-300 degree Celsius temperature give
rise to three solid substances.
• Sodium trimetaphosphate with the definite composition
• Maddrells salt (high temperature)
• Maddrells salt (low temperature)
42

Grahams salt:

• It is prepared by dehydrating monosodium orthophosphate,


disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate and microcosmic salt and
fusing the mass by further heating.
• It is a polymer with high molecular (12000 – 18000).
• Properties:
• It is hygroscopic, easily soluble in water not soluble in alcohol.
43

Grahams salt:
•
44

Difference:

Kurrols salt Maddrells salt


• When Graham is heated to 550, it • This product can be
gives the crystal of product. This
salt can be obtained in two forms
formed by heating the
which differ in density. One form kurrols salt at 400.
the high temperature Maddrells salt • They are insoluble in
while the other gives
trimetaphosphate. water.
45

Structure of long-chain polyphosphates:

• With cations of medium size, cyclic metaphosphates anions are produced.


It is found in lithium polyphosphate.
• With cations of very small or larger size , high molecular weight
polyphosphates are produced. It is found in Rubidium polyphosphate.
• In intermediated size range , mixture of products is obtained. It is found to
occur in high temperature Mardell's salt.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
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