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Chapter 7

The document discusses sampling and sampling distributions including selecting samples, point estimation, and the sampling distributions of the sample mean and proportion. Key points include defining a sample as a subset of a population, estimating population characteristics from sample results, and how the sampling distribution of the mean can be used to make statistical inferences about the population mean.

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Thanh Thư
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12 views

Chapter 7

The document discusses sampling and sampling distributions including selecting samples, point estimation, and the sampling distributions of the sample mean and proportion. Key points include defining a sample as a subset of a population, estimating population characteristics from sample results, and how the sampling distribution of the mean can be used to make statistical inferences about the population mean.

Uploaded by

Thanh Thư
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Chapter 7 - Sampling and Sampling Distributions


(Chọn mẫu và phân phối chọn mẫu)

7.1 – The Electronics Associates Sampling Problem


7.2 – Selecting a Sample
7.3 – Point Estimation
7.4 – Introduction to Sampling Distributions
7.5 – Sampling Distribution of
7.6 – Sampling Distribution of

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Introduction (1 of 2)
• An element is the entity on which data are collected.
• A population is a collection of all the elements of interest.
• A sample is a subset of the population. (invisible to collect)
• The sampled population is the population from which the sample is drawn.
• A frame is a list of the elements that the sample will be selected from.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Introduction (2 of 2)
• The reason we select a sample is to collect data to answer a research question
about a population.
• The sample results provide only estimates of the values of the population
characteristics. (chỉ tính được con số ước lượng của tổng thể)
• The reason is simply that the sample contains only a portion of the population.
• With proper sampling methods, the sample results can provide “good” estimates
of the population characteristics.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling from a Finite Population (1 of 2)


• Finite populations are often defined by lists such as:
• Organization membership roster
• Credit card account numbers
• Inventory product numbers
• A simple random sample of size n from a finite population of size N is a sample
selected such that each possible sample of size n has the same probability of
being selected.
• Replacing each sampled element before selecting subsequent elements is called
sampling with replacement. An element can appear in the sample more than
once.
• Sampling without replacement is the procedure used most often.
• In large sampling projects, computer-generated random numbers are often used
to automate the sample selection process.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling from an Infinite Population (1 of 3)


• Sometimes we want to select a sample, but find that it is not possible to obtain
a list of all elements in the population.
• As a result, we cannot construct a frame for the population.
• Hence we cannot use the random number selection procedure.
• Most often this situation occurs in the case of infinite population.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling from an Infinite Population (2 of 3)


• Populations are often generated by an ongoing process where there is no upper
limit on the number of units that can be generated.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling from an Infinite Population (3 of 3)


• In the case of an infinite population, we must select a random sample in order
to make valid statistical inferences about the population from which the sample
is taken.

• A random sample from an infinite population is a sample selected such that the
following conditions are satisfied.
• Each element selected comes from the population of interest.
• Each element is selected independently.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Point Estimation (1 of 4)
• Point estimation is a form of statistical inference.
• In point estimation we use the data from the sample to compute a value of a
sample statistic that serves as an estimate of a population parameter.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling Distribution of (1 of 10)

Process of Statistical Inference

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling Distribution of (2 of 10)

• The sampling distribution of is the probability distribution of all possible values


of the sample mean .

• Expected Value of is

• When the expected value of the point estimator equals the population
parameter, we say the point estimator is unbiased.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling Distribution of (3 of 10)

We will use the following notation to define the standard deviation of


the sampling distribution of

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling Distribution of (4 of 10)

• The standard deviation of for a finite population is

• The standard deviation of for an infinite population is

• A finite population is treated as being infinite if

• is the finite population correction factor.

• is referred to as the standard error of the mean.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling Distribution of (5 of 10)

• When the population has a normal distribution, the sampling distribution of is


normally distributed for any sample size.
• In most applications, the sampling distribution of can be approximated by a
normal distribution whenever the sample is size 30 or more.
• In cases where the population is highly skewed or outliers are present, samples
of size 50 may be needed.
• The sampling distribution of can be used to provide probability information
about how close the sample mean is to the population mean μ.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling Distribution of (1 of 10)

Making Inferences about a Population Proportion

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling Distribution of (2 of 10)

where: p = the population proportion

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling Distribution of (3 of 10)

Standard Deviation of

• is referred to as the standard error of the proportion.

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Statistics for Business and Economics (14e, Metric Version)

Sampling Distribution of (4 of 10)

The sampling distribution of can be approximated by a normal distribution


whenever the sample size is large enough to satisfy the two conditions:

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